Análises das decisões de árbitros de futebol em contexto de jogo e interação com o VAR
Data
2021-07-22
Autores
Título da revista
ISSN da revista
Título do Volume
Editora
Resumo
As interações dos árbitros de futebol de campo com o Video Assistant Referee – VAR dependem das dinâmicas de jogo e da intensidade dos constrangimentos contextuais que levam à falta. Ainda não se investigou a associação de comportamentos e decisões que resultaram nos diferentes tipos de interação com o VAR. Consideramos pertinente aprofundar esta investigação dissecando as informações observadas nos momentos de revisão do Campeonato Brasileiro masculino da série A de 2019. Por se tratar de um estudo de campo recorremos à Metodologia Observacional, com desenho de investigação do tipo nomotético, seguimento, multidimensional (N/S/M), tendo por base um instrumento Ad hoc de sistema misto de categorias e formatos de campo, Exaustivo e Mutuamente Excludente (E/ME), composto quatro critérios qualitativos direcionados para extrair as informações inerente ao jogo e às decisões de arbitragem antes e após a interação com o VAR. Foram utilizadas 100% das situações de jogo envolvendo revisão, compostas por 146 de campo e 65 factuais, as maiores incidências das revisões foram de penáltis com 45,97%, seguido de golo com 36,97%; em 69,19% o árbitro viu as imagens e em 86,73% mudou de decisão. A extração dos dados foi realizada através do software Lince, versão 1.4, através de observação direta em diferido. A fiabilidade Intra observador, verificada utilizando o Coeficiente Kappa de Cohen apresentou valores superiores a 0,80 em todos os critérios do instrumento Soccer VAR. As análises centraram-se em Padrões Temporais, com recurso ao software THÉME 6.0, em análises sequenciais de retardos pelo software GSEQ 5.1, de Coordenadas polares pelo Hoisan 1.6 e no estudo exploratório com base nas perceções dos árbitros sobre o VAR através da utilização de um questionário. Os dados também tiveram um tratamento estatístico inferencial, por intermédio do Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS versão 25). O instrumento Soccer VAR é fiável e útil para codificar observações de revisões envolvendo as tomadas de decisões. Os incidentes foram mais frequentes no final das partes do jogo, com placar de igualdade envolvendo a equipa mandante. A grande quantidade de padrões T incompletos mostrou a elevada variabilidade de ocorrências; a análise sequencial e de coordenadas polares permitiu identificar os pontos críticos de utilização do VAR no Brasil, o qual ocorreu em 42,9% dos jogos da competição. Os árbitros brasileiros se consideram preparados para trabalhar com a tecnologia e perceberam a zona 7 como ideal para se posicionar em várias possibilidades de processos ofensivos. Os contextos podem potencializar a necessidade de uso do VAR, mas não são mensuráveis através de questionários.
The field soccer referees' interactions with the Video Assistant Referee – VAR depend on the game dynamics and the intensity of the contextual constraints that lead to the foul. The association of behaviors and decisions that resulted in different types of interaction with the VAR has not yet been investigated. We consider it pertinent to deepen this investigation by dissecting the information observed in the review moments of the 2019 Series A Men's Brazilian Championship. As this is a field study, we resorted to the Observational Methodology, with a nomothetic, follow-up, multidimensional investigation design (N/ S/M), based on an Ad hoc instrument of mixed system of categories and field formats, Exhaustive and Mutually Excluded (E/ME), composed of four qualitative criteria aimed at extracting the information inherent to the game and refereeing decisions before and after interacting with the VAR. 100% of game situations involving review were used, consisting of 146 field and 65 factual, the highest incidences of reviews were penalties with 45.97%, followed by goals with 36.97%; in 69.19% the referee saw the images and in 86.73% it changed its decision. Data extraction was performed using Lince software, version 1.4, through direct deferred observation. Intraobserver reliability, verified using Cohen's Kappa Coefficient, presented values greater than 0.80 in all criteria of the Soccer VAR instrument. The analyzes focused on Temporal Patterns using the THÉME 6.0 software, sequential delay analyzes using the GSEQ 5.1 software, Polar coordinates using Hoisan 1.6 and an exploratory study based on the referees' perceptions of the VAR through the use of a quiz. The data also had an inferential statistical treatment, through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25). The Soccer VAR instrument is reliable and useful for coding review observations involving decision making. Incidents were more frequent at the end of the parts of the game, with an equal score involving the home team. The large amount of incomplete T patterns showed the high variability of occurrences; the sequential analysis and polar coordinates allowed to identify the critical points of use of the VAR in Brazil, which occurred in 42.9% of the competition games. Brazilian referees consider themselves prepared to work with technology and perceived zone 7 as ideal to position themselves in various possibilities of offensive processes. Contexts can enhance the need to use the VAR, but they are not measurable through questionnaires.
The field soccer referees' interactions with the Video Assistant Referee – VAR depend on the game dynamics and the intensity of the contextual constraints that lead to the foul. The association of behaviors and decisions that resulted in different types of interaction with the VAR has not yet been investigated. We consider it pertinent to deepen this investigation by dissecting the information observed in the review moments of the 2019 Series A Men's Brazilian Championship. As this is a field study, we resorted to the Observational Methodology, with a nomothetic, follow-up, multidimensional investigation design (N/ S/M), based on an Ad hoc instrument of mixed system of categories and field formats, Exhaustive and Mutually Excluded (E/ME), composed of four qualitative criteria aimed at extracting the information inherent to the game and refereeing decisions before and after interacting with the VAR. 100% of game situations involving review were used, consisting of 146 field and 65 factual, the highest incidences of reviews were penalties with 45.97%, followed by goals with 36.97%; in 69.19% the referee saw the images and in 86.73% it changed its decision. Data extraction was performed using Lince software, version 1.4, through direct deferred observation. Intraobserver reliability, verified using Cohen's Kappa Coefficient, presented values greater than 0.80 in all criteria of the Soccer VAR instrument. The analyzes focused on Temporal Patterns using the THÉME 6.0 software, sequential delay analyzes using the GSEQ 5.1 software, Polar coordinates using Hoisan 1.6 and an exploratory study based on the referees' perceptions of the VAR through the use of a quiz. The data also had an inferential statistical treatment, through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25). The Soccer VAR instrument is reliable and useful for coding review observations involving decision making. Incidents were more frequent at the end of the parts of the game, with an equal score involving the home team. The large amount of incomplete T patterns showed the high variability of occurrences; the sequential analysis and polar coordinates allowed to identify the critical points of use of the VAR in Brazil, which occurred in 42.9% of the competition games. Brazilian referees consider themselves prepared to work with technology and perceived zone 7 as ideal to position themselves in various possibilities of offensive processes. Contexts can enhance the need to use the VAR, but they are not measurable through questionnaires.
Descrição
Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências do Desporto
Palavras-chave
VAR , Árbitro de campo