Análise do jogo em Râguebi: identificação das variáveis de acções do jogo e de resultado que discriminam as vitórias e derrotas nos jogos IRB e Super 12
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Data
2008
Autores
Vaz, Luís Miguel Teixeira
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O desenvolvimento actual e o nível competitivo alcançado pelo jogo de râguebi têm exigido níveis de performance cada vez mais elevados. Neste sentido, o desempenho das equipas em situação de treino e de competição deve ser analisado pormenorizadamente. A análise do jogo (AJ) tem sido pouco explorada para caracterizar, monitorizar e avaliar a performance em jogos de râguebi. Com o presente estudo, pretendemos contribuir para que se possam dar respostas a um vasto conjunto de questões suscitadas neste domínio do conhecimento e que tenham repercussões assinaláveis no conhecimento e desenvolvimento do jogo de râguebi. Neste contexto, os objectivos do presente estudo foram identificar as variáveis de acções do jogo e de resultado que melhor distinguem as equipas que vencem das equipas que perdem os jogos. De igual modo, pretendemos identificar estas tendências para os jogos que terminam mais equilibrados, desequilibrados e muito desequilibrados no seu resultado final. Este tipo de análise será realizado independentemente para um grupo IRB e um grupo Super 12. Os dados utilizados no presente estudo foram obtidos a partir de duas bases de registo: 1) Rugby Stats Fair Play Sports Analysis Systems e 2) Rugby Match Analysis and Statistics. A amostra foi constituída por 342 jogos de râguebi, divididos posteriormente em dois grupos: (i) grupo IRB constituído por 135 jogos pertencentes ao Campeonato do Mundo (RWC) de 2003; Campeonato do Mundo (RWC) de Sub 21 de 2005; Torneio das Seis Nações de 2004, 2005 e 2006 e Torneio das Três Nações de 2004 e 2005 e (ii) grupo Super 12 constituído por 207 jogos pertencentes aos Torneios dos Super 12 de 2003, 2004 e 2005. Os jogos foram agrupados em função da sua diferença pontual final, procurando indagar de que modo tendem a associar-se entre si em função da diferença no resultado final. As variáveis a serem analisadas foram subdivididas em variáveis de acções do jogo (e.g., passes realizados, penalidades concedidas, recuperação de bola) e variáveis de resultado (e.g., ensaios, conversões, pontapés de penalidade). Os procedimentos estatísticos utilizados i) análise exploratória inicial, ii) análise de clusters e iii) análise discriminante, permitiram associar jogos entre si, tendo sido definido por nós como critério de agrupamento a diferença na pontuação final dos jogos. Separámos e classificámos grupos de dados com o objectivo de encontrar uma função linear que defina a separação máxima entre grupos; isto é, evidenciar quais as variáveis mais poderosas na classificação dos sujeitos nos 3 grupos de clusters. Os resultados permitiram concluir que os jogos equilibrados ocorreram em maior número e que o maior contributo para o resultado final dos jogos adveio da marcação de ensaios. As equipas que venceram os jogos equilibrados, defenderam mais (realizaram mais placagens), cometeram menos erros na utilização da posse de bola e variaram mais as suas formas de jogo (maiores frequências de jogo á mão e jogo ao pé). Em jogos desequilibrados, as equipas que venceram os jogos no grupo IRB, ganharam mais bolas no alinhamento e foram mais eficazes na defesa (menos placagens falhadas). As placagens falhadas e os alinhamentos perdidos apresentaram poder discriminatório nos dois grupos, IRB (ICCEI=-0,43) e (ICCEI= -0,42) e Super 12 (ICCEI=-0,34) e (ICCEI=-0,38). Nos jogos muito desequilibrados as equipas que venceram os jogos concederam mais penalidades, realizaram mais e falharam menos placagens. O maior contributo para diferenciar os grupos (IRB e Super 12) em relação às variáveis de resultado adveio dos valores de marcação de ensaios e conversões, IRB (ICCEI=0,53) e (ICCEI=0,46) e Super 12 (ICCEI=0,72) e (ICCEI=0,57). Entender as razões que contribuem para o sucesso ou insucesso da equipa em jogos equilibrados, desequilibrados e muito desequilibrados, permite tornar o treino mais específico e contribui decisivamente para a melhoria das performances desportivas.
Currently, the development and competitive level reached by the rugby game has been demanding performance levels to reach a higher standard. In this sense, the acting of the team in training or competition situation should be analyzed to the detail. The analysis of the game has been little explored to characterize, to monitor and to evaluate the performance in rugby games. With the present study, we intended to contribute so that one can give answers to a vast group of subjects raised in domains of the knowledge and that can have repercussions marked in the knowledge and development of the rugby game. In this context, the aim of the present study was identifying the variables of actions of the game and result that best discriminate between winning and losing teams. Likewise we intended to identify these tendencies for the games that the end result was more balanced, unbalanced and very unbalanced. This type of analysis will be accomplished independently for an IRB and Super 12 group. The data used in the present study were obtained starting from two bases: 1) Rugby Stats Fair Play Sports Analysis Systems and 2) Rugby Match Analysis and Statistics. The sample was constituted for 342 rugby games. For the effect we formed two groups: (i) Group IRB constituted by 135 belonging games the: Rugby Word Cup (RWC) of 2003; Rugby World Cup Sub 21 of 2005; Six Nations of 2004, 2005 and 2006 and tournament of the Tri Nations of 2004 and 2005 and (ii) Group Super 12 constituted by 207 games belonging to the tournaments of the Super 12 of 2003, 2004 and 2005. The games was contain according to their final score difference, trying to investigate that way tend to associate amongst themselves in terms of difference in end result. The variables that were analyzed were subdivided in variables of actions of the game (e.g. passes, penalties conceded, turnovers) and result variables (e.g. tries, conversions, penalty kicks). The statistical procedures i) initial explore analysis, ii) cluster analysis and iii) discriminante analysis, allowed to associate games to each other, having been defined by us as grouping criterion the difference in the game final score. We separated and classified groups of data with the aim of finding a linear function that it defines the maximum separation among groups that is, to evidence which the most powerful variables in the classification of the subjects in the 3 clusters groups. The results allowed finding that the balanced games happened in larger number and the largest contribution for the game final score occurred of the tries scored. The winners in the balanced games had more tackles made, they made fewer mistakes in the use of the ball and they varied more your game. In unbalanced games, the winners in the group IRB, they won more balls in the lineouts and they were more effective in the defence (less tackles missed). These variables discriminate the groups, IRB (ICCEI=-0,43) and (ICCEI = -0,42) and Super 12 (ICCEI=-0,34) and (ICCEI=-0,38). In the very unbalanced games the winners they hade more penalties, more penalty conceded and they missed more tackles. The differences in groups (IRB and Super 12) it occurred for the values of tries scored and conversions, IRB (ICCEI=0,53) and (ICCEI=0,46) and Super 12 (ICCEI=0,72) and (ICCEI=0,57). To understand the reasons that contribute to the success or failure of the teams in games balanced, unbalanced and very unbalanced, it allows turning the most specific training and it contributes decisively to the improvement of the sport performances.
Currently, the development and competitive level reached by the rugby game has been demanding performance levels to reach a higher standard. In this sense, the acting of the team in training or competition situation should be analyzed to the detail. The analysis of the game has been little explored to characterize, to monitor and to evaluate the performance in rugby games. With the present study, we intended to contribute so that one can give answers to a vast group of subjects raised in domains of the knowledge and that can have repercussions marked in the knowledge and development of the rugby game. In this context, the aim of the present study was identifying the variables of actions of the game and result that best discriminate between winning and losing teams. Likewise we intended to identify these tendencies for the games that the end result was more balanced, unbalanced and very unbalanced. This type of analysis will be accomplished independently for an IRB and Super 12 group. The data used in the present study were obtained starting from two bases: 1) Rugby Stats Fair Play Sports Analysis Systems and 2) Rugby Match Analysis and Statistics. The sample was constituted for 342 rugby games. For the effect we formed two groups: (i) Group IRB constituted by 135 belonging games the: Rugby Word Cup (RWC) of 2003; Rugby World Cup Sub 21 of 2005; Six Nations of 2004, 2005 and 2006 and tournament of the Tri Nations of 2004 and 2005 and (ii) Group Super 12 constituted by 207 games belonging to the tournaments of the Super 12 of 2003, 2004 and 2005. The games was contain according to their final score difference, trying to investigate that way tend to associate amongst themselves in terms of difference in end result. The variables that were analyzed were subdivided in variables of actions of the game (e.g. passes, penalties conceded, turnovers) and result variables (e.g. tries, conversions, penalty kicks). The statistical procedures i) initial explore analysis, ii) cluster analysis and iii) discriminante analysis, allowed to associate games to each other, having been defined by us as grouping criterion the difference in the game final score. We separated and classified groups of data with the aim of finding a linear function that it defines the maximum separation among groups that is, to evidence which the most powerful variables in the classification of the subjects in the 3 clusters groups. The results allowed finding that the balanced games happened in larger number and the largest contribution for the game final score occurred of the tries scored. The winners in the balanced games had more tackles made, they made fewer mistakes in the use of the ball and they varied more your game. In unbalanced games, the winners in the group IRB, they won more balls in the lineouts and they were more effective in the defence (less tackles missed). These variables discriminate the groups, IRB (ICCEI=-0,43) and (ICCEI = -0,42) and Super 12 (ICCEI=-0,34) and (ICCEI=-0,38). In the very unbalanced games the winners they hade more penalties, more penalty conceded and they missed more tackles. The differences in groups (IRB and Super 12) it occurred for the values of tries scored and conversions, IRB (ICCEI=0,53) and (ICCEI=0,46) and Super 12 (ICCEI=0,72) and (ICCEI=0,57). To understand the reasons that contribute to the success or failure of the teams in games balanced, unbalanced and very unbalanced, it allows turning the most specific training and it contributes decisively to the improvement of the sport performances.
Descrição
Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências do Desporto
Palavras-chave
Râguebi , Análise do Jogo , Análise discriminante