Qualidade da ligação aos pares em adolescentes: auto-estima e coping em institucionalização e famílias tradicionais
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2011
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A institucionalização constitui um tema que tem vindo a ser pouco abordado em Portugal no que concerne à qualidade das relações estabelecidas pelos adolescentes. O confronto com uma nova casa onde não escolheram estar traduz em muitos casos um sentimento de abandono e rejeição que recria situações de risco e vulnerabilidade nos jovens. O papel das figuras significativas, como os pares, que acompanham o percurso dos jovens, tem vindo a ser descrito na literatura enquanto facilitador do seu processo adaptativo. O objectivo do presente estudo prende-se com a análise da qualidade dos laços afectivos aos pares e o seu efeito preditor no desenvolvimento do coping e auto-estima dos jovens. Pretende-se ainda testar o papel moderador da configuração familiar (institucionalização e famílias tradicionais) e do género na associação entre a ligação aos pares e a auto-estima e coping. A amostra é composta por 311 adolescentes, 145 institucionalizados e 166 de famílias tradicionais, entre os 14 e os 18 anos, de ambos os géneros. Os auto-relatos foram recolhidos através do Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), o Inventory of Peer and Parental Attachment (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987) e o COPE Inventory (Carver, Weintraub & Scheider, 1989).
Os resultados foram discutidos à luz da teoria da vinculação e o significado da vivência institucional, onde o desenvolvimento de ligações seguras com figuras significativas parece facilitar o desenvolvimento do processo resiliente nos jovens. Neste sentido, a autoestima ressalta-se enquanto preditora de estratégias de coping adaptativas. Para além disso, observamos que a comunicação e confiança com os pares, prediz resultados de coping adaptativos perante as dificuldades. Foi igualmente conclusivo que o efeito da qualidade da ligação aos pares na auto-estima e nas estratégias de coping, não é afectado pelo género dos jovens. Por outro lado, na presente amostra os resultados enfatizam a ideia de que a configuração familiar parece não estar directamente associada com indicadores de bem-estar dos adolescentes, especificamente a auto-estima. Por sua vez, a configuração familiar dos adolescentes, revelou diferenças significativas nas dimensões de coping activo e negação. Verificando-se que um elevado índice de segurança nos jovens institucionalizados tem menor negação e maior uso de coping activo, em comparação com os jovens provenientes de famílias tradicionais. Por último, a auto-estima parece não exercer um efeito moderador entre a qualidade da vinculação aos pares e o desenvolvimento do coping.
Sublinha-se a necessidade de entender a instituição como parte da rede de apoio social e afectivo dos adolescentes, capaz de promover um espaço para o desenvolvimento saudável dos mesmos, nomeadamente, ao nível da adaptação psicossocial e da construção de representações mais favoráveis acerca de si.
Institutionalization is a theme that has been little attention in Portugal regarding the quality of relationships among adolescents. The confrontation with a new home where they chose to be translated in many cases a feeling of abandonment and rejection that recreates situations of risk and vulnerability for adolescents. The importance of the relational quality with peers, who follow the path of the young, has been described in the literature as a facilitator of their adaptive process. The goal of this study was to analyze of the quality of affective bonds in peers and predict its effect on the development of coping and self-esteem of adolescents. Another objective is to test the moderating role of family configuration (institutionalization and traditional families) and sex on the association between the link peers, self-esteem and coping. The participants were 311 adolescents, 145 institutionalized and 166 traditional families, with age from 14 to 18 years, of both sexes. The self-reports were collected through the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987) and the COPE Inventory (Carver, Weintraub & Scheider, 1989). The results were discussed in light of attachment theory and the meaning of institutional experience, where the development of secure attachments with significant figures seems to facilitate the development process in resilient adolescents. In this sense, self-esteem is a predictor adaptive coping strategies. In addition, we found that communication and trust with peers, predicts results of adaptive coping to face of difficulties. It was also conclusive that the effect of the quality with peers in self-esteem and coping strategies, is not affected by the sex of adolescents. On the other hand, in the present sample results emphasized the idea that family configuration appears to be directly associated with indicators of well-being of adolescents, specifically self-esteem. In turn, the adolescent’s family configuration, revealed significant differences in the dimensions of active coping and denial. Revealing that a high security in adolescents institutionalized to present less denial and more use of active coping, compared with adolescents from traditional families. Finally, self-esteem does not seem to exercise a moderating effect between quality of attachment to peers and the development of coping. It should be noted, the need to understand the institution as part of the social and emotional support for adolescents, to promote a space for the healthy development of themselves, particularly at the level of psychosocial adaptation and construction of more favorable representations about themselves.
Institutionalization is a theme that has been little attention in Portugal regarding the quality of relationships among adolescents. The confrontation with a new home where they chose to be translated in many cases a feeling of abandonment and rejection that recreates situations of risk and vulnerability for adolescents. The importance of the relational quality with peers, who follow the path of the young, has been described in the literature as a facilitator of their adaptive process. The goal of this study was to analyze of the quality of affective bonds in peers and predict its effect on the development of coping and self-esteem of adolescents. Another objective is to test the moderating role of family configuration (institutionalization and traditional families) and sex on the association between the link peers, self-esteem and coping. The participants were 311 adolescents, 145 institutionalized and 166 traditional families, with age from 14 to 18 years, of both sexes. The self-reports were collected through the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987) and the COPE Inventory (Carver, Weintraub & Scheider, 1989). The results were discussed in light of attachment theory and the meaning of institutional experience, where the development of secure attachments with significant figures seems to facilitate the development process in resilient adolescents. In this sense, self-esteem is a predictor adaptive coping strategies. In addition, we found that communication and trust with peers, predicts results of adaptive coping to face of difficulties. It was also conclusive that the effect of the quality with peers in self-esteem and coping strategies, is not affected by the sex of adolescents. On the other hand, in the present sample results emphasized the idea that family configuration appears to be directly associated with indicators of well-being of adolescents, specifically self-esteem. In turn, the adolescent’s family configuration, revealed significant differences in the dimensions of active coping and denial. Revealing that a high security in adolescents institutionalized to present less denial and more use of active coping, compared with adolescents from traditional families. Finally, self-esteem does not seem to exercise a moderating effect between quality of attachment to peers and the development of coping. It should be noted, the need to understand the institution as part of the social and emotional support for adolescents, to promote a space for the healthy development of themselves, particularly at the level of psychosocial adaptation and construction of more favorable representations about themselves.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia Clínica
Palavras-chave
Adolescentes , Comportamento de vinculação , Autoestima , Coping , Institucionalização , Famílias tradicionais