Reabilitação de uma casa do século XIX, de Felgueiras: caracterização, diagnóstico das anomalias construtivas e bases para o projecto de restauro e reabilitação
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2014-04-08
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São inúmeros os edifícios anteriores ao séc. XIX no nosso país. Muitos são
abandonados, deixando este património à mercê dos diversos agentes de deterioração.
Deve ser rapidamente incutido o sentido de manutenção e conservação dos edifícios
antigos com valor patrimonial, correntes e monumentais, da paisagem rural e da
salvaguarda do património rural edificado, através de políticas patrimoniais e de
incentivos múltiplos.
Esta dissertação pretende fundamentalmente estudar as técnicas pouco intrusivas
e não destrutivas de inspecção e exame do estado de conservação de edifícios antigos,
com base nos princípios e critérios de conservação, reabilitação e restauro de edifícios
históricos, nas principais cartas e convenções internacionais de salvaguarda do
património cultural, não esquecendo as exigências actuais de conforto e habitabilidade.
Com essa finalidade, foi seleccionado um edifício do séc. XIX situado em de
Felgueiras, para caso de estudo.
Em primeiro lugar foi feito um Enquadramento Físico e Humano da zona
onde se insere o edifício estudado, sendo estudadas algumas características da região. Após esse estudo, foi realizada a Caracterização Arquitectónica. Neste
capítulo, para uma melhor percepção da organização espacial do edifício, fez-se o seu
levantamento geométrico, tendo sido identificados os compartimentos do edifício, bem
como a sua utilização.
Para a Caracterização Construtiva, foram caracterizadas de uma forma um
pouco pormenorizada os elementos construtivos mais importantes, os materiais de que
são constituídos e as técnicas de construção tradicionais aplicadas: fundações, pisos,
alvenarias, cantarias, sobrados, tabiques, estrutura de madeira de cobertura, escadas,
revestimentos, caixilharias, elementos em ferro e sistemas de instalação técnica.
Depois de caracterizados os elementos construtivos foi efectuado o Diagnostico
das Anomalias Construtivas, onde foram identificadas, em fichas normalizadas, as
anomalias estruturais e não estruturais presentes em cada elemento construtivo. Esta
etapa foi importante para elaborar um relatório-síntese do estado de conservação do
edifício e propor sugestões de reparação.
Desenvolveu-se, ainda, a Análise dos Estuques do edifício, onde foram estudas
algumas características dos estuques antigos de Cal e de Gesso, passando-se depois para
as análises petrográficas das amostras dos estuques oitocentistas, recolhidas no edifício.
Este tipo de análises permite reconhecer as características texturais, dados
mineralógicos, forma e dimensão dos grãos, fissuras e poros das argamassas
endurecidas.
O edifício é composto com elementos estruturais de madeira, nos pavimentos,
tectos e cobertura, assim houve a necessidade de efectuar uma Avaliação das
Propriedades da Madeira, com o objectivo de se caracterizar as suas propriedades
físicas e mecânicas.
Passou-se para a Proposta de Restauro e Reabilitação, em que foram
analisadas as anomalias e se propôs uma forma eficiente e pouco intrusiva de restauro e
reabilitação das mesmas.
There are many building prior to the nineteenth century in our country. Many are abandoned, leaving this property at the mercy of the various agents of deterioration. It should be quickly instilled sense of maintenance and conservation of old buildings with heritage value, current and monumental, the country side and the rural built heritage conservation through policies and incentives multiple sheets. This thesis aims to study the techniques fundamentally little intrusive and nondestructive inspection and examination of the state of conservation of old buildings, based on the principles and criteria for conservation, rehabilitation and restoration of historic buildings in major international charters and conventions safeguard heritage cultural, not forgetting the current requirements of comfort and livability. For this purpose, was selected a nineteenth-century building Felgueiras, for case study. He was made first framework Geographic, and studied some characteristics of the region, which includes the build in studied. After this study, we performed the Architectural Characterization; chapter for a better understanding of the spatial organization of the building, it was his geometric survey were identified compartments of the build inland its use. For Constructive Characterization, were characterized in a way little detail the most important constructive elements: foundations, floors, walls, masonry, floors, partitions, wooden structure coverage, stairs, cladding, joinery, iron elements and systems installation technique. Having characterized the constructive elements was made the Diagnosis of Anomalies Constructive, which has been identified in standard sheets, the structural and non-structural abnormalities present in each construction element. This step was important to prepare a synthesis report of the condition of the build inland propose suggestions for repair. It developed also the Analysis of Stucco Building, where they were studied some characteristics of ancient plasters Lime and Gypsum, moving then to the petrographic analysis of samples from the nineteenth century stucco, collected in the building. This type of analysis allows recognizing the features textural, mineralogical data, shape and size of grains, cracks and pores of the hardened mortars. The building consists of structural elements of wood (floors, ceilings and roof). Thus it was necessary to carry out an evaluation of Wood Properties, in order to characterize the physical and mechanical properties. Therefore Proposed Restoration and Rehabilitation, where the anomalies were analyzed and proposed an efficient and somewhat intrusive restoration and rehabilitation of them.
There are many building prior to the nineteenth century in our country. Many are abandoned, leaving this property at the mercy of the various agents of deterioration. It should be quickly instilled sense of maintenance and conservation of old buildings with heritage value, current and monumental, the country side and the rural built heritage conservation through policies and incentives multiple sheets. This thesis aims to study the techniques fundamentally little intrusive and nondestructive inspection and examination of the state of conservation of old buildings, based on the principles and criteria for conservation, rehabilitation and restoration of historic buildings in major international charters and conventions safeguard heritage cultural, not forgetting the current requirements of comfort and livability. For this purpose, was selected a nineteenth-century building Felgueiras, for case study. He was made first framework Geographic, and studied some characteristics of the region, which includes the build in studied. After this study, we performed the Architectural Characterization; chapter for a better understanding of the spatial organization of the building, it was his geometric survey were identified compartments of the build inland its use. For Constructive Characterization, were characterized in a way little detail the most important constructive elements: foundations, floors, walls, masonry, floors, partitions, wooden structure coverage, stairs, cladding, joinery, iron elements and systems installation technique. Having characterized the constructive elements was made the Diagnosis of Anomalies Constructive, which has been identified in standard sheets, the structural and non-structural abnormalities present in each construction element. This step was important to prepare a synthesis report of the condition of the build inland propose suggestions for repair. It developed also the Analysis of Stucco Building, where they were studied some characteristics of ancient plasters Lime and Gypsum, moving then to the petrographic analysis of samples from the nineteenth century stucco, collected in the building. This type of analysis allows recognizing the features textural, mineralogical data, shape and size of grains, cracks and pores of the hardened mortars. The building consists of structural elements of wood (floors, ceilings and roof). Thus it was necessary to carry out an evaluation of Wood Properties, in order to characterize the physical and mechanical properties. Therefore Proposed Restoration and Rehabilitation, where the anomalies were analyzed and proposed an efficient and somewhat intrusive restoration and rehabilitation of them.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Civil
Palavras-chave
Engenharia civil , Técnicas laboratoriais , Inspeção "in situ" , Estado de conservação de estuques e madeiras , Diagnóstico de anomalias construtivas