Analysis of DOMS indicators after performing a submaximal repetition strength training protocol exercise: influence of exercise order
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2014-09-29
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O treino de força tem sido recomendado como parte de um programa de treino
com o objetivo de melhorar a saúde e a qualidade de vida. A ordem dos
exercícios parece ter uma grande importância no desenvolvimento de um
programa de treino de força. O treino de força e os movimentos excêntricos
tendem a produzir mais danos relacionados às mudanças estruturais nas fibras
musculares esqueléticas especialmente devido ao estimulo mecânico e
metabólico. Esses danos podem elevar o metabolismo associado ao aumento
de estresse oxidativo e/ou dano no epitélio vascular, incluindo um aumento da
atividade da xantina oxidase. O dano no sarcolema também pode gerar um
aumento das citocinas na corrente sanguínea o que pode acrescentar uma
resposta inflamatória e consequentemente o dano por estresse oxidativo. De
um modo, geral essas modificações frequentemente induzem a dor muscular
tardia (DOMS). A ordem de execução dos exercícios é uma variável que tem
sido estudada, mas até então não há estudos relacionando dano muscular,
estresse oxidativo e treino de força com ordens distintas. Os objetivos deste
estudo foram: (i) investigar o papel da ordem dos exercícios no número total de
repetições e a possível importância no dano muscular e na percepção de
esforço; (ii) investigar se uma sessão de treino de força de alta intensidade
realizada até a fadiga voluntária poderia causar respostas similares nos danos
musculares e DOMS e (iii) verificar se uma sessão de treino de força com
repetições submáximas induz a um estresse oxidativo sistêmico, medido pelos
danos de DNA de linfócitos. Dez homens treinados realizaram duas
sequencias: sequencia A (SEQA) – pressão de pernas (LP), extensão de
pernas (LE), flexão de pernas (LC), supino (BP), pressão de ombros (SP) e
tríceps de pé (TE); e a sequencia B (SEQB) que foi realizada na ordem inversa,
tendo inicio com os membro inferiores. A sessão de treino de força consistiu de
20 repetições do primeiro exercício com carga de 40% de 1RM para
aquecimento, seguida da realização da sequencia dos exercícios. Todos os
exercícios foram realizados em três séries com carga de 80% de 1RM até a
fadiga voluntária, dois minutos de intervalo de recuperação passiva foi dado
entre as séries e os exercícios. Foi feita a coleta de sangue capilar para todos
os sujeitos para a análise da CK e dos danos de DNA de linfócitos, a DOMS foi
medida antes, imediatamente após e 24, 48 e 72 horas após a sessão de treino
de força. A percepção de esforço foi avaliada pela escala de OMNI-RES antes
do exercício e no final de cada exercício. Houve diferença significativa (p<0.05)
entre a SEQA e a SEQB no número de repetições para TE, LE e LC. A maior
concentração de CK foi observada às 24h após o exercício nas duas
sequencias, contudo nenhuma diferença foi encontrada em qualquer um dos
momentos, revelando que o dano muscular ocorreu independente da ordem
dos exercícios. A concentração de CK foi maior imediatamente após e 24h
após (p<0.05) a realização do protocolo, quando comparada com as condições
pré-exercício e diminuiu nas 48h e 72h (p<0.05), após o protocolo quando
comparada com 24h. A PSE foi maior para o exercicio de TE na SEQA,
(p<0.05) e para o LP na SEQB (p<0.05). Os valores da DOMS foram maiores
nas 24h após o exercício (p<0.05) em relação aos valores pré-exercício e
diminuiram após 72h. Diferenças significativas na DOMS também foram
encontradas entre 24h e 72h (p<0.05) e entre 48h e 72h (p<0.05) após o
exercício. Os resultados de DNA revelaram diferenças significativas nos danos
de DNA basais (p<0.05) entre 24h e 48h após o treino de força e também se
constatou diferenças significativas nos danos de DNA FPG sites (por estresse
oxidativo) entre 24h e 48h (p<0.05) e entre 24 e 72h após o exercício (p<0.05).
Foi concluído que a ordem dos exercícios afeta o número de repetições e a
percepção do esforço. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que sempre que
um exercício é o último a ser realizado em uma sessão de treino de força, o
seu numero de repetições será negativamente afetado. Uma sessão de treino
de força de intensidade moderada realizada até a fadiga voluntária induz a um
aumento da CK independente da ordem dos exercícios. A escala de DOMS
pode ser utilizada nas rotinas de treino para avaliar o dano muscular
esquelético e a resposta geral ao treino de força nas 24h após a sessão. O
aumento da CK e dos danos de DNA de linfócitos expressam a mesma
tendencia de variação. Uma sessão de treino de força pode gerar danos no
músculo esquelético e sistémicos causados pelo estresse oxidativo.
Strength Training (ST) has been recommended as part of several physical training programs aimed to improve health and quality of life. The exercises’ order (EO) seems to have a great importance in the development of a ST program. ST and eccentric movements tend to produce more damage related to structural changes in skeletal muscle fibers especially due to the mechanical and metabolic stimulation. These damages can increase the metabolism associated with increased oxidative stress and/or damage to the vascular epithelium, inducing an increase of xanthine oxidase activity (XO). The sarcolemma damage may also increase the delivery of cytokine into blood stream that would augment inflammatory response, and consequently oxidative stress damage. Altogether these changes commonly induce delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS). The exercises execution order is a variable that has been addressed in the literature, but up to now, there are no studies relating muscle damage, oxidative stress and ST program with distinct orders. The objectives of this study were: (i) to investigate the role of exercise order on total number of repetitions and to evaluate the possible importance on muscle damage on the rating of perceived exertion; (ii) to investigate if one regular high intensity ST session performed to voluntary fatigue could cause muscle damage and similar DOMS responses at multiple time points and; (iii) to check if a session of ST with sub-maximal repetitions induces systemic oxidative stress, measured by lymphocytes DNA damage. Ten healthy trained men completed two sequences: sequence A (SEQA) - leg press (LP), leg extension (LE), leg curl (LC), bench press (BP), shoulder press (SP) and triceps extension (TE); and sequence B (SEQB) - was executed in reverse order. The strength training session consisted of 20 repetitions of the first exercise at 40% of 1RM to warmup, followed by sequence training. All exercises were performed in three sets to volitional fatigue at 80% of 1RM with two minutes rest intervals of passive recovery between sets and exercises. All of the subjects had their capillary blood samples collected for the creatine kinase (CK) and lymphocytes DNA damage measure, and DOMS measured before, immediately after and 24, 48 and 72 hours after the exercise session. The subjective effort perception was measured by OMNI-RES scale before exercise and at the end of each exercise. There were significant (p<0.05) differences between SEQA and SEQB in the total number of repetitions for TE, LE and LC. The highest CK concentrations were observed 24h after both sequences, but no differences were found at any time between them, revealing that muscle damage occurred independent of the exercise order. The CK concentration was highest at post and 24h after (p<0.05), when compared to pre exercise condition and decreased at 48h (p<0.05) and at 72h (p<0.05) post exercise compared to 24h. The RPE was higher in TE in SEQA, (p<0.05) and LP in SEQB (p<0.05). The DOMS values were higher 24h post exercise (p<0.05) in relation to pre exercise and decreased after 72h. Significant differences in DOMS were also found between 24h and 72h (p<0.05) and between 48h and 72h (p<0.05) after the exercise. DNA results revealed significant differences in the damage of DNA strand breaks (p<0.05) between 24h and 48h after the ST session, and also revealed significant differences in DNA FPG sites between 24h and 48h (p<0.05) and between 24h and 72h after exercise (p<0.05). We concluded that EO affects the number of repetitions and perceived exertion. These study results also indicate that whenever one exercise is the last of a sequence performed in a training session, its number of repetition could be negatively affected. This was confirmed whether it was a large or small-muscle group exercise and could not be explained by differences in muscle damage. Moderate intensity ST session performed to voluntary fatigue induced an increase in CK concentrations and it was not related to EO. DOMS scale could be used in training routines to appreciate skeletal muscle damage and the whole body response to ST at 24h after. There was a trend of increasing both CK and DNA at 24h after the ST session, revealing the existence of muscle damage as well as lymphocytes DNA damage possibly caused by oxidative stress.
Strength Training (ST) has been recommended as part of several physical training programs aimed to improve health and quality of life. The exercises’ order (EO) seems to have a great importance in the development of a ST program. ST and eccentric movements tend to produce more damage related to structural changes in skeletal muscle fibers especially due to the mechanical and metabolic stimulation. These damages can increase the metabolism associated with increased oxidative stress and/or damage to the vascular epithelium, inducing an increase of xanthine oxidase activity (XO). The sarcolemma damage may also increase the delivery of cytokine into blood stream that would augment inflammatory response, and consequently oxidative stress damage. Altogether these changes commonly induce delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS). The exercises execution order is a variable that has been addressed in the literature, but up to now, there are no studies relating muscle damage, oxidative stress and ST program with distinct orders. The objectives of this study were: (i) to investigate the role of exercise order on total number of repetitions and to evaluate the possible importance on muscle damage on the rating of perceived exertion; (ii) to investigate if one regular high intensity ST session performed to voluntary fatigue could cause muscle damage and similar DOMS responses at multiple time points and; (iii) to check if a session of ST with sub-maximal repetitions induces systemic oxidative stress, measured by lymphocytes DNA damage. Ten healthy trained men completed two sequences: sequence A (SEQA) - leg press (LP), leg extension (LE), leg curl (LC), bench press (BP), shoulder press (SP) and triceps extension (TE); and sequence B (SEQB) - was executed in reverse order. The strength training session consisted of 20 repetitions of the first exercise at 40% of 1RM to warmup, followed by sequence training. All exercises were performed in three sets to volitional fatigue at 80% of 1RM with two minutes rest intervals of passive recovery between sets and exercises. All of the subjects had their capillary blood samples collected for the creatine kinase (CK) and lymphocytes DNA damage measure, and DOMS measured before, immediately after and 24, 48 and 72 hours after the exercise session. The subjective effort perception was measured by OMNI-RES scale before exercise and at the end of each exercise. There were significant (p<0.05) differences between SEQA and SEQB in the total number of repetitions for TE, LE and LC. The highest CK concentrations were observed 24h after both sequences, but no differences were found at any time between them, revealing that muscle damage occurred independent of the exercise order. The CK concentration was highest at post and 24h after (p<0.05), when compared to pre exercise condition and decreased at 48h (p<0.05) and at 72h (p<0.05) post exercise compared to 24h. The RPE was higher in TE in SEQA, (p<0.05) and LP in SEQB (p<0.05). The DOMS values were higher 24h post exercise (p<0.05) in relation to pre exercise and decreased after 72h. Significant differences in DOMS were also found between 24h and 72h (p<0.05) and between 48h and 72h (p<0.05) after the exercise. DNA results revealed significant differences in the damage of DNA strand breaks (p<0.05) between 24h and 48h after the ST session, and also revealed significant differences in DNA FPG sites between 24h and 48h (p<0.05) and between 24h and 72h after exercise (p<0.05). We concluded that EO affects the number of repetitions and perceived exertion. These study results also indicate that whenever one exercise is the last of a sequence performed in a training session, its number of repetition could be negatively affected. This was confirmed whether it was a large or small-muscle group exercise and could not be explained by differences in muscle damage. Moderate intensity ST session performed to voluntary fatigue induced an increase in CK concentrations and it was not related to EO. DOMS scale could be used in training routines to appreciate skeletal muscle damage and the whole body response to ST at 24h after. There was a trend of increasing both CK and DNA at 24h after the ST session, revealing the existence of muscle damage as well as lymphocytes DNA damage possibly caused by oxidative stress.
Descrição
Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências do Desporto
Palavras-chave
Treino de força , Ensaio do cometa , Ordem dos exercícios , Danos musculares , Creatina quinase , OMNI-RES , Stresse oxidativo