Composição corporal e aptidão cardiorespiratória em mulheres pós-menopáusicas
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2014-11-19
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Objetivos: Os objetivos da presente tese foram os seguites: (1) analisar a relação da aptidão aeróbia com a composição corporal de mulheres pós-menopáusicas, controlando para a idade, taxa metabólica basal e características da menopausa; (2) verificar a associação da Aptidão Cardiorespiratória (AC) nas características da menopausa (tempo de menopausa, natureza da menopausa e trapia hormonal), na taxa metabólica basal (TMB) e na composição corporal (CC) em mulheres não-obesas e obesas.
Métodos: Este estudo foi realizado na cidade de Vila Real (Portugal) e faz parte do Programa Menopausa em Forma. Todos os elementos que integraram voluntariamente o Programa Menopausa em Forma, foram incluídos após ter sido considerada a história clínica de cada um. A amostra incluiu 208 mulheres pós-menopáusicas, não-obesas (n=54) e obesas (n=154) com média de idade de (55.904.81) e (58.157.07) sem menopausa prematura, revelando a maioria uma menopausa natural (75,5%), um tempo de menopausa inferior a 10 anos (56,3%) e uso de terapia hormonal (54,8%). A composição corporal foi avaliada com a bioimpedância octopolar InBody720 (Biospace, Seoul, Coreia) e o teste submáximo foi realizado em esteira rolante (Panatta Sport, Apiro, Italy), até um valor de 85% da frequência cardíaca máxima e em conformidade com o protocolo adaptado de Bruce (Bruce, 1973). Os pontos de corte para o VO2max definido no estudo foram: VO2max≤29.14ml/kg/min (baixo); Entre 29.14 - 30,94ml/kg/min (moderado); ≥30,94 ml/kg/min (alto).
Resultados: DO PRIMEIRO OBJETIVO: (1) A média do VO2max foi 29.14 ml/kg/min, revelando a maioria da amostra, obesidade, elevada adiposidade visceral (AAV) e uma condição muscular normal. A variação do VO2max foi explicada em 30% (EPE = 4.76 ml/kg/min) pela AAV e pela TMB, sendo os seus níveis comprometidos em cerca de 6,16 e 0,18 ml/kg/min, para níveis de AAV≥ 100 cm2 e de TMB< 1238 kcal/dia, respectivamente. Os grupos de VO2max não exibiram diferenças nas características da menopausa e na TMB,
mas as mulheres com VO2max> 30,94 ml/kg/min apresentaram menor % MG e AAV em relação aos demais grupos. Com o aumento do VO2max, foi verificada uma tendência crescente dos valores médios de IMIGO (total e regional), com diferenças entre os grupos BAIXO-ALTO e MODERADO-ALTO.
DO SEGUNDO OBJETIVO: (2) A AAV explicou 13% (β=-0,356, p=0,01) do VO2max nas mulheres não-obesas, constatando-se um agravamento do mesmo em cerca de 3,30 ml/kg/min na presença de uma adiposidade central elevada.
Nas obesas, o VO2max tende a diminuir com a idade, com tempo de menopausa e níveis elevados de AAV (p≤0,01), sendo influenciado positivamente pelo índice de massa muscular esquelética (0,39%).
Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que, independentemente da idade e das características da menopausa, a AAV e o TMB influenciam significativamente a variação da aptidão cardiorespiratória das mulheres pós-menopáusicas. A presença de níveis de VO2max> 30,94 ml/kg/min está relacionada com uma melhor adiposidade e condição muscular nesta população. As mulheres pós-menopáusicas com VO2max<26,87 ml/kg/min tendem a ser mais velhas e a evidenciar maior AAV.
A AAV foi um preditor significativo da AC em mulheres não-obesas e obesas na pós-menopausa. Melhores níveis de VO2max em mulheres obesas influenciam positivamente na adiposidade total, e a IMIGO central e regional.
Objectives: The objectives of this thesis were the following: (1) To analyse the relationship between aerobic fitness and body composition in postmenopausal women, (2) To verify the association of cardiorespiratory fitness (CF) in menopause characteristics in the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body composition (BC) in non-obese and obese women. Methods: This study was conducted in the city of Vila Real (Portugal) and is part of the Menopause in Shape Programme. All the subjects took part voluntarily in the Menopause in Shape Programme and their inclusion was based on their clinical history. The sample included 208 postmenopausal women, non-obese (n = 54) and obese (n=154) with a mean age of (55.90±4.81) and (58.15±7.07) without premature menopause, the majority revealing natural menopause (75.5%), below 10 years of menopause (56.3%%) and the use of hormone therapy (54.8%). The body composition was assessed by bioimpedance octopolar InBody720 (Biospace, Seoul, Korea) and the submaximal test was performed on a treadmill (Panatta Sport Apiro, Italy) until a value of 85% of maximum heart rate and in accordance with the protocol adapted from Bruce (Bruce, 1973). Results: THE FIRST OBJECTIVE: (1) The average VO2max was 29.14 ml / kg / min, the majority of the sample revealing obesity, high visceral fat area (VFA) and a normal muscular condition. The VO2max variation of 30% (SEE = 4.76 ml / kg / min) was explained by both the VFA and the BMR with their levels compromised about 6.16 and 0.18 ml/kg/min for levels of VFA ≥ 100 cm2 and BMR <1238 kcal/day, respectively. The VO2max groups did not show any difference in the menopause characteristics but the women with VO2max > 30.94 ml/kg/min had less %FM and VFA when compared to the remaining groups. With the increase in VO2max, there was a growing tendency of MIGO (total and regional) mean values with differences between LOW-HIGH and MODERATE- HIGH groups. SECOND OBJECTIVE: (2) The AAV explained 13% (β =- 0.356, p = 0.01) of the VO2max in non-obese women finding that there was an increase of it in about 3.30 ml/kg/min in the presence of a high central adiposity. In the obese women, VO2max tends to decrease with age with menopause time and high levels of VFA (p ≤ 0.01) positively influenced by the rate of skeletal muscular mass (0.39%). Conclusions: The results suggest that regardless of age and menopause characteristics the VFA and the BMR influence significantly the variation in cardiorespiratory fitness of postmenopausal women. The presence of VO2max levels> 30.94 ml/kg/min is related to better adiposity and muscular condition of this population. Postmenopausal women with VO2max <26.87 ml/kg/min tend to be older and exhibit higher VFA. The VFA was a significant predictor of AC in non-obese and obese postmenopausal women. Best VO2max levels in obese women have a positive influence on total, central and regional SLMI adiposity.
Objectives: The objectives of this thesis were the following: (1) To analyse the relationship between aerobic fitness and body composition in postmenopausal women, (2) To verify the association of cardiorespiratory fitness (CF) in menopause characteristics in the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body composition (BC) in non-obese and obese women. Methods: This study was conducted in the city of Vila Real (Portugal) and is part of the Menopause in Shape Programme. All the subjects took part voluntarily in the Menopause in Shape Programme and their inclusion was based on their clinical history. The sample included 208 postmenopausal women, non-obese (n = 54) and obese (n=154) with a mean age of (55.90±4.81) and (58.15±7.07) without premature menopause, the majority revealing natural menopause (75.5%), below 10 years of menopause (56.3%%) and the use of hormone therapy (54.8%). The body composition was assessed by bioimpedance octopolar InBody720 (Biospace, Seoul, Korea) and the submaximal test was performed on a treadmill (Panatta Sport Apiro, Italy) until a value of 85% of maximum heart rate and in accordance with the protocol adapted from Bruce (Bruce, 1973). Results: THE FIRST OBJECTIVE: (1) The average VO2max was 29.14 ml / kg / min, the majority of the sample revealing obesity, high visceral fat area (VFA) and a normal muscular condition. The VO2max variation of 30% (SEE = 4.76 ml / kg / min) was explained by both the VFA and the BMR with their levels compromised about 6.16 and 0.18 ml/kg/min for levels of VFA ≥ 100 cm2 and BMR <1238 kcal/day, respectively. The VO2max groups did not show any difference in the menopause characteristics but the women with VO2max > 30.94 ml/kg/min had less %FM and VFA when compared to the remaining groups. With the increase in VO2max, there was a growing tendency of MIGO (total and regional) mean values with differences between LOW-HIGH and MODERATE- HIGH groups. SECOND OBJECTIVE: (2) The AAV explained 13% (β =- 0.356, p = 0.01) of the VO2max in non-obese women finding that there was an increase of it in about 3.30 ml/kg/min in the presence of a high central adiposity. In the obese women, VO2max tends to decrease with age with menopause time and high levels of VFA (p ≤ 0.01) positively influenced by the rate of skeletal muscular mass (0.39%). Conclusions: The results suggest that regardless of age and menopause characteristics the VFA and the BMR influence significantly the variation in cardiorespiratory fitness of postmenopausal women. The presence of VO2max levels> 30.94 ml/kg/min is related to better adiposity and muscular condition of this population. Postmenopausal women with VO2max <26.87 ml/kg/min tend to be older and exhibit higher VFA. The VFA was a significant predictor of AC in non-obese and obese postmenopausal women. Best VO2max levels in obese women have a positive influence on total, central and regional SLMI adiposity.
Descrição
Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências do Desporto
Palavras-chave
Atividade física , Composição corporal , Pós-menopausa , Obesidade , Aptidão cardiorespiratória