Obesidade e estilos de vida em crianças em idade pré-escolar
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2015-10-26
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Problemas relacionados com a nutrição e saúde em crianças são causas cada vez mais significativas, de incapacidade e prematura morte no mundo (WHO, 2010). O aumento global da prevalência de excesso de peso e obesidade são atribuíveis a uma série de fatores, incluindo uma mudança global na dieta e uma tendência para a diminuição da atividade física.
Este estudo tem como objetivo principal conhecer a prevalência de obesidade e comparar os estilos de vida de crianças em idade pré-escolar. A amostra deste estudo foi constituída por 200 crianças, 105 rapazes e 95 raparigas, com idades compreendidas entre os 3 e os 6 anos e uma média de 4.44 anos.
Para atingir os objetivos deste estudo e para análise da composição corporal, foi utilizada a percentagem de massa gorda, calculada a partir das fórmulas de Slaughter et al. (1988). Para tal, realizámos a medição das pregas cutâneas, nomeadamente, a prega tricipital e a prega subescapular. Para a recolha dos dados, foi utilizado um questionário de escolha múltipla ou resposta imediata, respondido pelos Encarregados de Educação, aplicado no âmbito do Projecto Nacional de Obesidade Infantil, coordenado por Cristina Padez, do Departamento de Antropologia da Universidade de Coimbra, em 2009. Para algumas variáveis estudadas foram calculadas médias e respetivas medidas de dispersão e para outras a frequência e a percentagem. Para comparação de grupos foram utilizados os testes Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis. Para estudar o grau de correlação existente entre variáveis calculou-se o coeficiente de correlação não paramétrico de Spearman e o seu correspondente nível de significância, fixado em valores de p<.05.
Verificámos que 43.5% das crianças em estudo apresentavam excesso de peso ou obesidade, sendo 14.5% obesas e 29% com excesso de peso. Quando comparámos os géneros, registámos diferenças significativas (p=.005), sendo que as raparigas apresentaram valores superiores de Percentagem de Massa Gorda (%MG) (18.99±3.81), comparativamente com os rapazes (17.90±4.48). Relativamente aos estilos de vida, as variáveis que mais distinguiram o géneros e a idade, foram a atividade física desportiva e as atividades de tempos livres. Relativamente à idade, verificámos uma correlação positiva com a atividade física desportiva (r=.206) e com o tempo dedicado aos jogos eletrónicos ao fim de semana (r=.320); verificámos diferenças significativas no que respeita ao género, sendo que os rapazes passavam mais tempo a jogar jogos eletrónicos, tanto durante a semana, como ao fim de semana (p=.001 e p=.007, respetivamente) e demonstraram maior interesse por estes aparelhos para ocupar os seus tempos livres (p=.034).
Verificando as diferenças entre os géneros e a idade, os programas educativos deverão ser desenhados tendo em conta o grupo alvo.
Problems related with health and food habits are nowadays more significant causes for early incapacity and/or death in the world (WHO, 2010). The global increase in weight and obesity are related to a diverse number of factors, including a global change on food habits and a tendency to reduce the physical activity. This study focus on trying to know the increase on weight and obesity while comparing the lifestyles on pre-school youngsters. The sample for this study is made of 200 children, 105 male and 95 female, with ages between 3 and 6 years old, with and average age of 4.44 years old. To achieve the objectives of this study and for body composition analysis, we used the Body Fat Percentage, calculated from the formulas of Slaughter et al. (1988). To this end, we performed the measurement of skinfolds, namely triceps and subscapular skinfold. To collect the data, we used a multiple choice quiz or immediate answer, answered by the parents, applied under the National Childhood Obesity Project, coordinated by Cristina Padez, from Department of Anthropology, University of Coimbra in 2009. For some variables were calculated respective averages and measures of dispersion and other frequency and percentage. To compare groups we used the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. To study the degree of correlation between variables was calculated correlation coefficient of Spearman nonparametric and its corresponding level of significance set at p values <.05. We concluded that 43.5% of the children studied showed overweight or obesity, divided by 14.5% obese and 29% overweight. When compared by gender, we saw significant changes (p=.005), being that girls showed higher values of Body Fat Percentage (18.99±3.81), when compared to boys (17.90±4.48). The lifestyles that were more different, according to age and gender, where sports and free time activities. Concerning age, we could observe a positive correlation with the physical activity (r=.206) and with the time spent playing videogames on weekends (r=.320); there were significant changes according to gender, being that boys usually spend more time playing videogames, both during weekdays and weekends (p=.001 e p=.007, respectively) and showed a higher interest on these devices as a tool to spend their free time (p=.034). Based on the differences according to gender and age, we conclude that the educational programs should be designed according to the target group.
Problems related with health and food habits are nowadays more significant causes for early incapacity and/or death in the world (WHO, 2010). The global increase in weight and obesity are related to a diverse number of factors, including a global change on food habits and a tendency to reduce the physical activity. This study focus on trying to know the increase on weight and obesity while comparing the lifestyles on pre-school youngsters. The sample for this study is made of 200 children, 105 male and 95 female, with ages between 3 and 6 years old, with and average age of 4.44 years old. To achieve the objectives of this study and for body composition analysis, we used the Body Fat Percentage, calculated from the formulas of Slaughter et al. (1988). To this end, we performed the measurement of skinfolds, namely triceps and subscapular skinfold. To collect the data, we used a multiple choice quiz or immediate answer, answered by the parents, applied under the National Childhood Obesity Project, coordinated by Cristina Padez, from Department of Anthropology, University of Coimbra in 2009. For some variables were calculated respective averages and measures of dispersion and other frequency and percentage. To compare groups we used the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. To study the degree of correlation between variables was calculated correlation coefficient of Spearman nonparametric and its corresponding level of significance set at p values <.05. We concluded that 43.5% of the children studied showed overweight or obesity, divided by 14.5% obese and 29% overweight. When compared by gender, we saw significant changes (p=.005), being that girls showed higher values of Body Fat Percentage (18.99±3.81), when compared to boys (17.90±4.48). The lifestyles that were more different, according to age and gender, where sports and free time activities. Concerning age, we could observe a positive correlation with the physical activity (r=.206) and with the time spent playing videogames on weekends (r=.320); there were significant changes according to gender, being that boys usually spend more time playing videogames, both during weekdays and weekends (p=.001 e p=.007, respectively) and showed a higher interest on these devices as a tool to spend their free time (p=.034). Based on the differences according to gender and age, we conclude that the educational programs should be designed according to the target group.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado em Ensino de Educação Física, nos Ensinos Básico e Secundário
Palavras-chave
Prática desportiva , Obesidade , Crianças