Bases para o projeto de reabilitação do solar da família Pessanha na Aldeia dos Cortiços, em Macedo de Cavaleiros
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2016-01-18
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No presente trabalho estudam-se técnicas tradicionais de construção, faz-se o diagnóstico de anomalias construtivas e aprofunda-se o estudo de técnicas de intervenção em edifícios antigos. Dividindo-se em varias etapas, este estudo tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia geral de conservação e restauro de edifícios históricos.
Numa fase inicial, recorrendo a um edifício histórico como caso de estudo, foi realizado um estudo com base na história, na tipologia arquitetónica, nas técnicas e nos materiais construtivos. Foi pesquisada e consultada legislação nacional e internacional aplicável ao restauro e à reabilitação de edifícios de interesse histórico e arquitetónico. Como resultado, são apresentados os princípios e critérios de conservação, reabilitação e restauro de edifícios históricos assim como as principais cartas e convenções internacionais de salvaguarda do património cultural.
O caso de estudo objeto de análise e tratamento neste trabalho é um Solar do século XIX da freguesia de Cortiços, no concelho de Macedo de Cavaleiros, procedendo-se ao seu enquadramento físico e humano no tempo e no espaço
Para a caracterização deste edifício (Solar da família Pessanha nos Cortiços) foi necessário fazer uma intensiva e exaustiva recolha de informação bibliográfica e local, realizar trabalho de campo, tal como levantamento topográfico e fotográfico do edifício e dos pormenores construtivos, levantamento arquitetónico e construtivo, diagnóstico das anomalias estruturais e não estruturais. Foi ainda realizado um exame detalhado sobre o estado de conservação do edifício, as causas que poderão estar na origem das suas patologias, e ainda as possíveis soluções de intervenção tendo em vista os critérios de autenticidade, compatibilidade e reversibilidade necessariamente presentes nas obras de conservação, manutenção, reabilitação e restauro de edifícios antigos.
Fez-se um estudo pormenorizado sobre a humidade do edifício, descrevendo as principais causas para o aparecimento de anomalias construtivas, e as técnicas tradicionais e mais inovadoras de reparação, com referência ao seu potencial, ao campo de aplicação, respetivas vantagens e limitações, baseadas em conhecimentos teóricos e práticos.
Finalmente, realizaram-se ensaios “in situ” e laboratoriais que envolveram: levantamentos fotográficos, recolha de substratos vegetais (líquenes) das fachadas, análises SEM (scanning electron microscopy) e tratamento dos resultados obtidos. Houve necessidade de realizar mais do que um ensaio para obter um termo de comparação que conduzisse a conclusões mais exatas e fidedignas.
This dissertation presents a study about traditional construction techniques of historic buildings, performs a diagnosis of constructive anomalies and profound a revision regarding the intervention techniques. Divided into several stages, this work aims to develop a general methodology of preservation and restore of historic buildings. As a first stage, using a historical building as a practical case, a study was carried out concerning the history, the architectural typology, the techniques and construction materials. A state of art about national and international legislation relevant preservation and restore of historical buildings of architectural interest was performed. As a result, principles and criteria of preservation, rehabilitation and restore of historic buildings as well as major international charters and conventions of cultural heritage protection are presented. This work presents the analysis of a case study – a XIX century historic building placed in Cortiços, Macedo de Cavaleiros. A time and space physical and human investigation of the location and surroundings was performed. In order to characterize this historical building (“Solar da família Pessanha nos Cortiços”) was necessary to perform an intensive and widespread collection of bibliographic information and local survey, field work involving topographic and photographic evaluation of the building and construction details, architectural and constructive investigation as well as the diagnosis of structural and non-structural anomalies. It was also carried out a detailed examination of the state of preservation the building, the possible causes for the anomalies funded, possible intervention solutions taking into account criteria of authenticity, compatibility and reversibility, necessarily presented in conservation, maintenance, rehabilitation and restore works of historic buildings. A detailed investigation in order to assess the presence of moisture in this historic building was also conducted. The main causes for the appearance of anomalies in the structure are described and the most innovative and traditional repair techniques are presented, as well its potential, field of application, their advantages and limitations based in theoretical and practical knowledge. Finally, field and laboratory tests were carried out involving: photographic inspections, plant debris (lichens) collection from the building facades, SEM (scanning electron microscopy) analysis and data treatment of the collect results. Note that, in order to turn possible the comparison and achieve more accurate and reliable in the conclusions achieved, was realized more than one test on each single building facades.
This dissertation presents a study about traditional construction techniques of historic buildings, performs a diagnosis of constructive anomalies and profound a revision regarding the intervention techniques. Divided into several stages, this work aims to develop a general methodology of preservation and restore of historic buildings. As a first stage, using a historical building as a practical case, a study was carried out concerning the history, the architectural typology, the techniques and construction materials. A state of art about national and international legislation relevant preservation and restore of historical buildings of architectural interest was performed. As a result, principles and criteria of preservation, rehabilitation and restore of historic buildings as well as major international charters and conventions of cultural heritage protection are presented. This work presents the analysis of a case study – a XIX century historic building placed in Cortiços, Macedo de Cavaleiros. A time and space physical and human investigation of the location and surroundings was performed. In order to characterize this historical building (“Solar da família Pessanha nos Cortiços”) was necessary to perform an intensive and widespread collection of bibliographic information and local survey, field work involving topographic and photographic evaluation of the building and construction details, architectural and constructive investigation as well as the diagnosis of structural and non-structural anomalies. It was also carried out a detailed examination of the state of preservation the building, the possible causes for the anomalies funded, possible intervention solutions taking into account criteria of authenticity, compatibility and reversibility, necessarily presented in conservation, maintenance, rehabilitation and restore works of historic buildings. A detailed investigation in order to assess the presence of moisture in this historic building was also conducted. The main causes for the appearance of anomalies in the structure are described and the most innovative and traditional repair techniques are presented, as well its potential, field of application, their advantages and limitations based in theoretical and practical knowledge. Finally, field and laboratory tests were carried out involving: photographic inspections, plant debris (lichens) collection from the building facades, SEM (scanning electron microscopy) analysis and data treatment of the collect results. Note that, in order to turn possible the comparison and achieve more accurate and reliable in the conclusions achieved, was realized more than one test on each single building facades.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Civil
Palavras-chave
Edifícios antigos , Conservação , Manutenção , Reabilitação , Granito