Habronemose cutânea: abordagem parasitológica e terapêutica
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2016-01-25
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A presente dissertação faz uma abordagem parasitológica e terapêutica da habronemose cutânea (HC), também designada vulgarmente por “ferida de verão”. Esta doença é causada por nemátodes das espécies Draschia megastoma, Habronema muscae e H. microstoma. A prevalência destes parasitas no nosso país é elevada, e todos têm capacidade de causar doença nos equinos, podendo manifestar-se de distintas formas: gástrica, pulmonar, cutânea e conjuntival. Estes são parasitas de ciclo indireto que utilizam como hospedeiros intermediários ou vetores os muscídeos das espécies Musca domestica e Stomoxys calcitrans. Neste trabalho, pretendeu-se aprofundar na revisão bibliográfica, a etiologia da doença, epidemiologia e biologia dos parasitas, a patogenia nos equídeos, sinais clínicos e lesões mais frequentes, métodos de diagnóstico passíveis de serem utilizados, diferentes métodos de tratamento, profilaxia e controlo da afeção. Na componente experimental foram realizados inquéritos “online”, diferentes, a criadores e médicos veterinários, com o objetivo de perceber a importância e prevalência da doença no nosso país, descobrir quais os princípios ativos/associações mais utilizadas na desparasitação e definir quais as zonas corporais mais atingidas pelas lesões de HC. De acordo com os 26 resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que apenas 35% dos inquiridos admitem o aparecimento de feridas de verão anualmente, embora estudos recentes realizados em Portugal relatem o aparecimento frequente de parasitas do género Habronema no estômago de equinos. No entanto, de acordo com os inquéritos realizados, foi possível entender que esta realidade não é percebida por todos da mesma forma. Por parte dos criadores, 92% faz controlo de vetores nos estábulos, mas nos cavalos, apenas 67% utilizam medidas de controlo de muscídeos. No que respeita aos médicos veterinários, apenas 64% toma medidas para controlar os vetores nos estábulos e nos animais. A maior parte dos clínicos veterinários não utiliza os métodos adequados de diagnóstico da HC, nem realiza qualquer tipo de rastreio de forma a avaliar a eficácia dos anti-helmínticos utilizados na desparasitação dos animais. Os princípios ativos mais utilizados são a associação de ivermectina e praziquantel, e a ivermectina isolada. Dos clínicos, 71% faz rotação de fármacos, mas apenas 7% faz rastreio de resistência aos mesmos. Descrevem-se ainda dois casos clínicos. No primeiro, de um asinino acometido por HC, realça-se a importância da história clínica, a sua evolução ao longo de sete meses e o tratamento médico realizado. No segundo caso, de um cavalo com uma ferida de verão na região prepucial, aborda-se o tratamento cirúrgico deste tipo de lesões. Com os dados obtidos no inquérito e nos casos clínicos, considera-se que a HC continua a ser pouco conhecida ou considerada nos programas de controlo parasitário nas explorações, para além de promover um grande desconforto e redução de bem-estar animal, atendendo à gravidade e dificuldade da sua terapêutica. A consciencialização para esta parasitose de proprietários e médicos veterinários é imperativa, sendo de extrema importância realçar as formas de prevenção, tratamento e controlo da HC.
The present dissertation makes a parasitological and therapeutic approach of the horse cutaneous habronemosis (CH), usually called “summer sore”. This disease is caused by nematodes of the species Draschia megastoma, Habronema muscae and H. microstoma. The prevalence of these parasites is extremely high in Portugal and all are capable of causing disease in horses, with different locations: gastric, pulmonary, cutaneous and in conjunctive tissues. These parasites are of indirect life cycle, using flies of the species Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans as intermediate hosts or vectors. In this work, it was intended to study, in the literature review, the etiology of the disease, the parasite’s epidemiology and biology, the equine’s pathogens, the clinical evidences and most commonly found lesions, methods of diagnosis and different forms of treatment, prophylaxis and control that can be used. In the experimental component we applied different online surveys to breeders and veterinarian doctors, in order to realize the importance and prevalence of the disease in Portugal, aiming to find out which drug or combination of drugs are mostly used in deworming and defining which parts of the horses’ body are largely hit by CH lesions. According to the 26 results obtained, we concluded that only 35% of the respondents admit the appearance of “Summer sores” every year, although recent studies conducted in Portugal report the frequent appearance of parasites of the genus Habronema in horse stomachs. However, according to the survey data, it was possible to understand that this reality is not perceived by everybody in the same way. Among the breeders, 92% make control of vectors in the stables but in horses, only 67% use measures of control for flies. With regard to veterinarians, only 64% take measures to control the vectors in the stables and animals. Most veterinarians used neither the appropriate diagnostic methods in the detection of CH, nor any kind of screening in order to evaluate the efficacy of anthelminthics used to deworm the animals. The most widely used active principles are associations of ivermectin and praziquantel, and isolated ivermectin.Among the veterinarians, 71% make rotation of drugs, but only 7% do any trace resistance to them. We also describe two clinical cases. In the first one, a donkey showing a chronic case of CH, we highlight the importance of the clinical history, the evolution of the process over a time span of seven months and the medical treatment carried out. In the second case, a horse with a “Summer sore” in the preputial region, the surgical treatment of these lesions is approached. With the data obtained in the surveys and the analysis of the clinical cases, it is considered that CH continues to be hardly known or considered in parasite control programs of the horse stud farms, and in addition it promotes great discomfort and reduction of animal welfare, due to its severity and difficulty of therapeutic. Awareness of this parasitic disease by breeders and veterinarians is imperative, being of utmost importance to emphasize ways of prevention, treatment and control of CH.
The present dissertation makes a parasitological and therapeutic approach of the horse cutaneous habronemosis (CH), usually called “summer sore”. This disease is caused by nematodes of the species Draschia megastoma, Habronema muscae and H. microstoma. The prevalence of these parasites is extremely high in Portugal and all are capable of causing disease in horses, with different locations: gastric, pulmonary, cutaneous and in conjunctive tissues. These parasites are of indirect life cycle, using flies of the species Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans as intermediate hosts or vectors. In this work, it was intended to study, in the literature review, the etiology of the disease, the parasite’s epidemiology and biology, the equine’s pathogens, the clinical evidences and most commonly found lesions, methods of diagnosis and different forms of treatment, prophylaxis and control that can be used. In the experimental component we applied different online surveys to breeders and veterinarian doctors, in order to realize the importance and prevalence of the disease in Portugal, aiming to find out which drug or combination of drugs are mostly used in deworming and defining which parts of the horses’ body are largely hit by CH lesions. According to the 26 results obtained, we concluded that only 35% of the respondents admit the appearance of “Summer sores” every year, although recent studies conducted in Portugal report the frequent appearance of parasites of the genus Habronema in horse stomachs. However, according to the survey data, it was possible to understand that this reality is not perceived by everybody in the same way. Among the breeders, 92% make control of vectors in the stables but in horses, only 67% use measures of control for flies. With regard to veterinarians, only 64% take measures to control the vectors in the stables and animals. Most veterinarians used neither the appropriate diagnostic methods in the detection of CH, nor any kind of screening in order to evaluate the efficacy of anthelminthics used to deworm the animals. The most widely used active principles are associations of ivermectin and praziquantel, and isolated ivermectin.Among the veterinarians, 71% make rotation of drugs, but only 7% do any trace resistance to them. We also describe two clinical cases. In the first one, a donkey showing a chronic case of CH, we highlight the importance of the clinical history, the evolution of the process over a time span of seven months and the medical treatment carried out. In the second case, a horse with a “Summer sore” in the preputial region, the surgical treatment of these lesions is approached. With the data obtained in the surveys and the analysis of the clinical cases, it is considered that CH continues to be hardly known or considered in parasite control programs of the horse stud farms, and in addition it promotes great discomfort and reduction of animal welfare, due to its severity and difficulty of therapeutic. Awareness of this parasitic disease by breeders and veterinarians is imperative, being of utmost importance to emphasize ways of prevention, treatment and control of CH.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Palavras-chave
Habronemose cutânea , Ferimentos e lesões , Diagnóstico , Infecções por nematoides , Terapêutica