Estudo da fenologia de distintas variedades de pistacheiro face às condições do meio e de cultivo
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2018-02-26
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O presente trabalho decorreu na quinta experimental La Entresierra, que pertence ao Centro Agrário El Chaparrillo, localizado em Ciudad Real, Castilla-La Mancha, Espanha. A componente prática foi realizada entre março e agosto do ano 2017.
O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi o acompanhamento da fenologia de diferentes cultivares, especificamente a evolução floral e o desenvolvimento do fruto, e a influência de quatro porta-enxertos no comportamento da árvore, face às condições de cultivo e do meio no ano de 2017. Este trabalho pretende também contribuir para a obtenção de dados sobre o desenvolvimento das inflorescências, especificamente data de início e fim e duração dos estados fenológicos, e sobre o desenvolvimento do fruto, dada a escassez de estudos existentes sobre estes aspetos.
Em relação à evolução floral, todas as cultivares femininas e masculinas apresentaram regularidade e antecipação no desenvolvimento das suas inflorescências, devido às condições meteorológicas favoráveis, ou seja, satisfação das horas de frio e unidades de calor, temperaturas primaveris amenas, verão quente e baixas precipitação e humidade relativa. Também se verificou a influência do porta-enxerto, especificamente Pistacia terebinthus, Pistacia atlantica, Pistacia integerrima e Pistacia vera, no desenvolvimento das inflorescências femininas, apesar de pouco acentuada. De facto, a maior influência do porta-enxerto verifica-se em muitas outras características da árvore, como por exemplo no seu vigor. A nível agronómico, a prática mais indicada, em relação a esta influência, seria a utilização de diferentes polinizadores, de modo a garantir sempre a existência de pólen durante a recetividade do estigma.
Relativamente aos parâmetros biométricos, o peso fresco e seco de pistácio e força de rutura da casca aumentaram ao longo da maturação do fruto, onde o primeiro e o último apresentaram a mesma tendência, uma curva sigmoide. Adicionalmente, comparou-se a evolução do peso fresco e dureza da casca, onde se verificou uma sobreposição da evolução destes parâmetros. Alguns estudos já tinham confirmado este facto, contudo novos estudos sobre a evolução dos diversos parâmetros do desenvolvimento do fruto são necessários, para assim ser possível definir com rigor as várias fases da evolução do fruto. Por fim, tal como na evolução floral, verificou-se a influência dos porta-enxertos Pistacia terebinthus e Pistacia atlantica no desenvolvimento do fruto. Contudo, os resultados não foram conclusivos relativamente ao porta-enxerto que poderia ter maior influência nestes parâmetros do fruto, pois os limites obtidos não foram uniformes. Os estudos existentes são reduzidos e, por vezes, contraditórios, o que implica a realização de novos ensaios, noutros locais e com um maior número de cultivares e de porta-enxertos, assim como um maior número de anos de observação, para a obtenção de dados estatisticamente conclusivos e um tratamento estatístico mais abrangente. Em suma, todos os dados obtidos, relativos apenas ao ano 2017, terão de ser repetidos por mais anos de forma a obterem-se dados mais consistentes.
The present work was carried out in the experimental farm La Entresierra, belonging to the El Chaparrillo Agrarian Centre, located in Ciudad Real, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. This experiment took place between March and August 2017. The main objective of this work was the monitoring of the phenological aspects of different cultivars, specifically the floral evolution and development of the fruit, and the influence of four rootstocks on the behaviour of the tree, in relation to the conditions of cultivation and the environment of 2017. In addition, this work aims to contribute to obtaining on the development of inflorescences, specifically the date of beginning, end and duration of the phenological stages and the development of the fruit, by measuring fresh and dry weight and determining the rupture force of the shell. In relation to the floral evolution, all the feminine and male cultivars presented regularity and anticipation of the development of their inflorescences, due to the favourable meteorological conditions, i.e., chill hours and heat units satisfied, mild spring temperatures, hot summer and low rainfall and relative humidity. The influence of the rootstock, specifically Pistacia terebinthus, Pistacia atlantica, Pistacia integerrima and Pistacia vera, on the development of the female inflorescences, although not accentuated, was also verified. In fact, this influence is proven in many characteristics of the tree, for example the vigour. At the agronomic level, the best practice in relation to this influence would be the use of different pollinators to always guarantee the existence of pollen during the stigma receptivity. Regarding the biometric parameters, the fresh and dry weight of pistachio and rupture strength of the shell increased during the maturation of the fruit, where the first and last showed the same tendency, a sigmoid curve. In addition, the evolution of the fresh weight and hardness of the shell were compared, where the evolution of these parameters was overlapped. Some studies have already confirmed this fact, however, new studies on the evolution of the various parameters of fruit development are necessary, so that it is possible to define with rigor the various phases of fruit evolution. Finally, as in floral evolution, the influence of Pistacia terebinthus and Pistacia atlantica rootstocks on fruit development was verified. However, the results were not conclusive with respect to the rootstock that could have greater influence on the size of the fruit, since the obtained limits were not uniform. The existing studies are small and sometimes contradictory, which implies further testing elsewhere and with a greater number of crops and rootstocks, as well as several years of observations to obtain data statistically conclusive and more comprehensive statistical treatment. All data obtained for the year 2017 will have to be repeated for more years to obtain more consistent data.
The present work was carried out in the experimental farm La Entresierra, belonging to the El Chaparrillo Agrarian Centre, located in Ciudad Real, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. This experiment took place between March and August 2017. The main objective of this work was the monitoring of the phenological aspects of different cultivars, specifically the floral evolution and development of the fruit, and the influence of four rootstocks on the behaviour of the tree, in relation to the conditions of cultivation and the environment of 2017. In addition, this work aims to contribute to obtaining on the development of inflorescences, specifically the date of beginning, end and duration of the phenological stages and the development of the fruit, by measuring fresh and dry weight and determining the rupture force of the shell. In relation to the floral evolution, all the feminine and male cultivars presented regularity and anticipation of the development of their inflorescences, due to the favourable meteorological conditions, i.e., chill hours and heat units satisfied, mild spring temperatures, hot summer and low rainfall and relative humidity. The influence of the rootstock, specifically Pistacia terebinthus, Pistacia atlantica, Pistacia integerrima and Pistacia vera, on the development of the female inflorescences, although not accentuated, was also verified. In fact, this influence is proven in many characteristics of the tree, for example the vigour. At the agronomic level, the best practice in relation to this influence would be the use of different pollinators to always guarantee the existence of pollen during the stigma receptivity. Regarding the biometric parameters, the fresh and dry weight of pistachio and rupture strength of the shell increased during the maturation of the fruit, where the first and last showed the same tendency, a sigmoid curve. In addition, the evolution of the fresh weight and hardness of the shell were compared, where the evolution of these parameters was overlapped. Some studies have already confirmed this fact, however, new studies on the evolution of the various parameters of fruit development are necessary, so that it is possible to define with rigor the various phases of fruit evolution. Finally, as in floral evolution, the influence of Pistacia terebinthus and Pistacia atlantica rootstocks on fruit development was verified. However, the results were not conclusive with respect to the rootstock that could have greater influence on the size of the fruit, since the obtained limits were not uniform. The existing studies are small and sometimes contradictory, which implies further testing elsewhere and with a greater number of crops and rootstocks, as well as several years of observations to obtain data statistically conclusive and more comprehensive statistical treatment. All data obtained for the year 2017 will have to be repeated for more years to obtain more consistent data.
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Evolução floral , Sincronização floral fêmea-macho , Desenvolvimento do fruto , Influência do porta-enxerto