Productive efficiency of viticulture systems
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2021-01-27
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A indústria vitivinícola está cada vez mais exposta à intensa globalização e à concorrência
internacional, colocando desafios e oportunidades às regiões vitivinícolas, que são obrigadas a
tornar-se cada vez mais competitivas, eficientes e sustentáveis. A melhoria na eficiência
produtiva poderá ser uma via para o ganho de competitividade, reduzindo a utilização de
recursos produtivos para a obtenção da mesma ou de uma melhor produção.
Em Portugal, o Norte é o que mais se destaca neste setor, sendo o Douro a região com maior
quota de mercado e maior heterogeneidade de sistemas produtivos. Além disso, o setor vitícola surge como uma parte importante dos custos da cadeia de valor do setor dos vinhos, além de existirem poucos estudos empíricos dedicados somente à produção de uvas.
O objetivo geral da tese é analisar a eficiência produtiva das explorações que produzem uvas
no Norte de Portugal e a identificação dos determinantes que as tornam mais ou menos
eficientes. Como objetivos específicos de cada capítulo temos: avaliar a evolução do
desempenho da indústria vitivinícola portuguesa através de dados estatísticos mundiais e
nacionais disponíveis e avaliar e comparar a dinâmica da sustentabilidade do Norte e do
Alentejo; investigar os procedimentos empíricos que conduzem à obtenção de resultados mais
robustos na análise da eficiência produtiva e avaliar os efeitos da localização das explorações
agrícolas na eficiência técnica estimada por estudos anteriores; e estimar e analisar a eficiência
técnica de uma amostra de explorações vitícolas das regiões do Norte de Portugal (Douro,
Minho e Trás-os-Montes) e identificar as características que tornam as explorações vitícolas
mais eficientes. Para atingir os objetivos propostos, várias metodologias foram utilizadas como a construção de indicadores de desempenho do setor e de sustentabilidade, a meta-regressão, o Data Envelopment Analisys e o Stochastic Frontier. Ao longo deste trabalho várias bases de dados foram utilizadas, desde dados secundários disponíveis em instituições nacionais e
internacionais sobre a indústria vitivinícola, dados recolhidos de um conjunto de artigos
científicos e ainda dados primários recolhidos através de inquéritos presenciais nas explorações vitícolas. Como principais conclusões da tese verificámos que Portugal tem melhorado a sua produtividade de uvas por hectare, mas está abaixo da tendência mundial. A nível nacional, o Norte de Portugal apresentou melhores indicadores de sustentabilidade social do que o Alentejo, mas piores na dimensão ambiental. A eficiência no Norte de Portugal não se mostrou muito elevada, tanto a nível geral como somente na região do Douro. Várias características parecem comprometer esta eficiência como a localização da exploração, o tamanho, o número de parcelas, os sistemas de condução da vinha, a tração e o tipo de vinho. Daqui conclui-se que grande parte da ineficiência se deve a fatores estruturais das explorações ou das regiões que não se conseguem mudar. No geral, a localização mostrou ter bastante influência nas eficiências estimadas ao longo deste trabalho.
Os países menos desenvolvidos apresentam médias de ineficiência técnica maiores e, no âmbito da região vitícola do Norte de Portugal, o Minho revelou-se a mais eficiente, seguido do Douro e de Trás-os-Montes. No contexto da análise da eficiência produtiva, confirmámos que as opções empíricas podem influenciar os resultados estimados, sendo que a utilização de diferentes metodologias para a análise da eficiência com resultados similares é indicativa da sua robustez.
The wine industry is increasingly exposed to intense globalisation and international competition, posing challenges and opportunities to wine regions, which are forced to become increasingly competitive, efficient and sustainable. Improving productive efficiency could be a way to gain competitiveness by reducing the use of productive resources to obtain the same or a better production. In Portugal, the North is the most prominent in this sector, with the Douro being the region with the largest market share and the greatest heterogeneity of production systems. Moreover, the viticulture sector appears as an important part of the value chain costs of the wine sector, and there are few empirical studies dedicated only to grape production. The general objective of the thesis is to analyse the productive efficiency of farms producing grapes in northern Portugal and to identify the determinants that make them more or less efficient. The specific objectives of each chapter are to: evaluate the evolution of the Portuguese wine industry performance through available worldwide and national statistical data and to evaluate and compare the dynamics of sustainability in the North and Alentejo; investigate the empirical procedures that lead to more robust results in the analysis of productive efficiency and to evaluate the effects of the location of farms on the technical efficiency estimated by previous studies; and estimate and analyse the technical efficiency of a sample of wine growing farms in the North of Portugal (Douro, Minho and Trás-os-Montes) and to identify the characteristics that make wine-growing farms more efficient. To achieve the proposed objectives, several methodologies were used such as the construction of sector performance and sustainability indicators, meta-regression, Data Envelopment Analisys and Stochastic Frontier. Throughout this work, several databases have been used, from secondary data available in national and international institutions on the wine industry, data collected from a set of research papers, and also primary data collected through face-to-face surveys at wine-growing farms. As main conclusions of the thesis, we found that Portugal has improved its grape productivity per hectare but is below the world trend. At a national level, the North of Portugal presented better indicators of social sustainability than the Alentejo, but worse in the environmental dimension. The efficiency in the North of Portugal has not been very high, either at a general level or only in the Douro region. Several characteristics seem to compromise this efficiency such as the location of the farm, the size, the number of plots, the training system, the traction and the type of wine. Therefore, a large part of the inefficiency is due to structural factors in the farms or regions that are unable to change. In general, the location proved to have a great influence on the estimated efficiencies throughout this work. The least developed countries have higher averages of technical inefficiency and, within the wine-growing region of Northern Portugal, the Minho proved to be the most efficient, followed by the Douro and Trás-os-Montes. In the context of the analysis of productive efficiency, we confirmed that empirical options can influence the estimated results, and the use of different methodologies for the analysis of efficiency with similar results is indicative of its robustness.
The wine industry is increasingly exposed to intense globalisation and international competition, posing challenges and opportunities to wine regions, which are forced to become increasingly competitive, efficient and sustainable. Improving productive efficiency could be a way to gain competitiveness by reducing the use of productive resources to obtain the same or a better production. In Portugal, the North is the most prominent in this sector, with the Douro being the region with the largest market share and the greatest heterogeneity of production systems. Moreover, the viticulture sector appears as an important part of the value chain costs of the wine sector, and there are few empirical studies dedicated only to grape production. The general objective of the thesis is to analyse the productive efficiency of farms producing grapes in northern Portugal and to identify the determinants that make them more or less efficient. The specific objectives of each chapter are to: evaluate the evolution of the Portuguese wine industry performance through available worldwide and national statistical data and to evaluate and compare the dynamics of sustainability in the North and Alentejo; investigate the empirical procedures that lead to more robust results in the analysis of productive efficiency and to evaluate the effects of the location of farms on the technical efficiency estimated by previous studies; and estimate and analyse the technical efficiency of a sample of wine growing farms in the North of Portugal (Douro, Minho and Trás-os-Montes) and to identify the characteristics that make wine-growing farms more efficient. To achieve the proposed objectives, several methodologies were used such as the construction of sector performance and sustainability indicators, meta-regression, Data Envelopment Analisys and Stochastic Frontier. Throughout this work, several databases have been used, from secondary data available in national and international institutions on the wine industry, data collected from a set of research papers, and also primary data collected through face-to-face surveys at wine-growing farms. As main conclusions of the thesis, we found that Portugal has improved its grape productivity per hectare but is below the world trend. At a national level, the North of Portugal presented better indicators of social sustainability than the Alentejo, but worse in the environmental dimension. The efficiency in the North of Portugal has not been very high, either at a general level or only in the Douro region. Several characteristics seem to compromise this efficiency such as the location of the farm, the size, the number of plots, the training system, the traction and the type of wine. Therefore, a large part of the inefficiency is due to structural factors in the farms or regions that are unable to change. In general, the location proved to have a great influence on the estimated efficiencies throughout this work. The least developed countries have higher averages of technical inefficiency and, within the wine-growing region of Northern Portugal, the Minho proved to be the most efficient, followed by the Douro and Trás-os-Montes. In the context of the analysis of productive efficiency, we confirmed that empirical options can influence the estimated results, and the use of different methodologies for the analysis of efficiency with similar results is indicative of its robustness.
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Palavras-chave
Competitividade , Eficiência produtiva