Iluminação de túneis rodoviários – utilização de soluções a LED
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2020-06-05
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A iluminação de túneis rodoviários visa proporcionar aos condutores uma entrada e circulação no túnel em segurança de acordo com uma velocidade de circulação pré-estabelecida. A iluminação artificial no período diurno, o mais crítico e exigente, apresentando algumas dificuldades dada a grande diferença entre o nível de iluminação exterior e interior do túnel (este ofuscamento conhecido como Efeito Buraco Negro é provocado, ao condutor, e que resulta do elevado brilho no exterior do túnel e caso a primeira zona do túnel não tenha a iluminação suficiente), a necessidade de adaptação e tempo de resposta do olho humano a diferentes níveis de iluminação e o elevado consumo de energia. Para atenuar o impacto visual aos condutores que ocorre nas entradas dos túneis rodoviários durante o período diurno e por forma a permitir ao condutor, que se aproxima do túnel, a visualização do seu interior, utilizam-se elevados níveis de iluminação na Zona de Aproximação, apesar de ser uma tarefa com pouca exigência visual, que gradualmente se vai reduzindo ao longo do interior do túnel. A Zona Interior do túnel é aquela onde os níveis de iluminação serão os mais baixos. Na Zona de Saída do túnel os níveis de iluminação sofrem um ligeiro incremento. Num túnel rodoviário podem distinguir-se 5 tipos de Zonas com necessidades e exigências luminotécnicas distintas: Zona de Aproximação, Zona Limiar, Zona de Transição, Zona Interior e Zona de Saída. Existem diversos tipos de túneis rodoviários (curtos, longos, curvos) com uma, duas ou várias faixas de rodagem, diferentes velocidades de circulação permitidas, tipo e volume de tráfego, urbanos ou em rodovia aberta, ao mesmo tempo que podem ter dois sentidos ou sentido único de circulação. A solução arquitectónica do túnel, os elementos de controlo de luz na Zona de Aproximação (colocação de palas, disposição de árvores, existência de túnel falso, geometria da entrada, etc.), a orientação geográfica da entrada/saída do túnel deverão também consideradas para a solução da iluminação artificial. Nos últimos anos a utilização de tecnologia LED em luminárias para soluções de iluminação tem vindo a substituir as tecnologias existentes (lâmpadas de halogénio, lâmpadas de descarga). De facto, a tecnologia LED evoluiu de forma significativa em termos de eficiência luminosa, de temperatura de cor e índice de restituição de cor apresentando a custos razoáveis soluções com elevado/adequado desempenho e longa duração de vida útil resultando encargos financeiros de operação consideravelmente mais baixos comparativamente às outras tecnologias. Assim, as concessionárias rodoviárias em instalações novas de iluminação instalam soluções com tecnologia LED e nas existentes, no caso dos túneis, que representam elevados consumos (elevada potência instalada e tempos de operação elevados) têm vindo a equacionar esta mudança. Posto isto, foram propostas soluções de iluminação para 14 casos de estudo de túneis rodoviários, sendo 7 em situação de iluminação diurna e 7 em iluminação noturna, com diferentes tipo de céu, com recurso a tecnologia LED, considerando as exigências normativas e requisitos impostos para as 5 Zonas do túnel. As situações de túneis rodoviários consideradas englobaram túneis com velocidades de tráfego: 60km/h, 80km/h, 100km/h; comprimentos de túnel de 60m, 120m, 160m, 300m; sentido do túnel Sul/Norte, Norte/Sul, Este/Oeste; túnel urbano e túnel em rodovia aberta. Para cada cenário de simulação, com recurso ao software Dialux, foi avaliado o cumprimento das normas e requisitos normativos das soluções luminotécnicas propostas que resultam da comparação de diferentes luminárias comercialmente disponíveis e de diversos fabricantes.
Road tunnel lighting is intended to provide drivers with safe tunnel entry and movement at a preset driving speed. Daytime illumination, the most critical and demanding, presenting some difficulties given the large difference between the exterior and interior lighting levels of the tunnel (this glare known as the Black Hole Effect is caused to the driver, which results from the high brightness outside the tunnel and if the first zone of the tunnel is not sufficiently illuminated), the need for adaptation and response time of the human eye to different lighting levels and the high energy consumption. To mitigate the visual impact to drivers that occurs at the road tunnel entrances during the daytime and to allow the driver, who is approaching the tunnel, to view the interior, high levels of illumination are used in the Approach Zone, Although it is a task with little visual demand, it gradually decreases along the interior of the tunnel. The Interior Zone of the tunnel is one where the illumination levels will be the lowest. In the Tunnel Exit Zone the lighting levels are slightly increased. In a road tunnel 5 types of zones can be distinguished with different needs and lighting requirements: Approach Zone, Threshold Zone, Transition Zone, Interior Zone and Exit Zone. In a road tunnel 5 types of zones can be distinguished with different needs and lighting requirements: Approach Zone, Threshold Zone, Transition Zone, Interior Zone and Exit Zone. There are several types of road tunnels (short, long, curved) with one, two or several lanes, different permitted traffic speeds, type and volume of traffic, urban or open road, while they can be two-way or unique sense of circulation. The architectural solution of the tunnel, the light control elements in the Approach Zone (flapping, tree laying, false tunnel existence, entrance geometry, etc.), the geographic orientation of the tunnel entrance / exit should also be considered. for artificial lighting solution. In recent years the use of LED technology in luminaires for lighting solutions has been replacing existing technologies (halogen lamps, discharge lamps). In fact, LED technology has evolved significantly in terms of light efficiency, color temperature and color rendering index, providing cost-effective solutions with high / adequate performance and long service life resulting in considerably lower operating costs compared to to other technologies. Thus, road concessionaires in new lighting installations install solutions with LED technology and existing ones in the case of tunnels, which represent high consumptions (high installed power and long operating times) have been equating this change. herefore, lighting solutions have been proposed for 14 road tunnel study cases, 7 of them in daylight and 7 in night lighting, with different sky types, using LED technology, considering the regulatory requirements and requirements imposed for the 5 Tunnel Zones. The road tunnel situations considered included tunnels with traffic speeds: 60km/h, 80km/h, 100km/h; tunnel lengths of 60m, 120m, 160m, 300m; tunnel direction South / North, North / South, East / West; Urban tunnel and open highway tunnel. For each simulation scenario, using Dialux software, the compliance with the standards and normative requirements of the proposed lighting solutions was evaluated, which results from the comparison of different commercially available luminaires and different manufacturers.
Road tunnel lighting is intended to provide drivers with safe tunnel entry and movement at a preset driving speed. Daytime illumination, the most critical and demanding, presenting some difficulties given the large difference between the exterior and interior lighting levels of the tunnel (this glare known as the Black Hole Effect is caused to the driver, which results from the high brightness outside the tunnel and if the first zone of the tunnel is not sufficiently illuminated), the need for adaptation and response time of the human eye to different lighting levels and the high energy consumption. To mitigate the visual impact to drivers that occurs at the road tunnel entrances during the daytime and to allow the driver, who is approaching the tunnel, to view the interior, high levels of illumination are used in the Approach Zone, Although it is a task with little visual demand, it gradually decreases along the interior of the tunnel. The Interior Zone of the tunnel is one where the illumination levels will be the lowest. In the Tunnel Exit Zone the lighting levels are slightly increased. In a road tunnel 5 types of zones can be distinguished with different needs and lighting requirements: Approach Zone, Threshold Zone, Transition Zone, Interior Zone and Exit Zone. In a road tunnel 5 types of zones can be distinguished with different needs and lighting requirements: Approach Zone, Threshold Zone, Transition Zone, Interior Zone and Exit Zone. There are several types of road tunnels (short, long, curved) with one, two or several lanes, different permitted traffic speeds, type and volume of traffic, urban or open road, while they can be two-way or unique sense of circulation. The architectural solution of the tunnel, the light control elements in the Approach Zone (flapping, tree laying, false tunnel existence, entrance geometry, etc.), the geographic orientation of the tunnel entrance / exit should also be considered. for artificial lighting solution. In recent years the use of LED technology in luminaires for lighting solutions has been replacing existing technologies (halogen lamps, discharge lamps). In fact, LED technology has evolved significantly in terms of light efficiency, color temperature and color rendering index, providing cost-effective solutions with high / adequate performance and long service life resulting in considerably lower operating costs compared to to other technologies. Thus, road concessionaires in new lighting installations install solutions with LED technology and existing ones in the case of tunnels, which represent high consumptions (high installed power and long operating times) have been equating this change. herefore, lighting solutions have been proposed for 14 road tunnel study cases, 7 of them in daylight and 7 in night lighting, with different sky types, using LED technology, considering the regulatory requirements and requirements imposed for the 5 Tunnel Zones. The road tunnel situations considered included tunnels with traffic speeds: 60km/h, 80km/h, 100km/h; tunnel lengths of 60m, 120m, 160m, 300m; tunnel direction South / North, North / South, East / West; Urban tunnel and open highway tunnel. For each simulation scenario, using Dialux software, the compliance with the standards and normative requirements of the proposed lighting solutions was evaluated, which results from the comparison of different commercially available luminaires and different manufacturers.
Descrição
Dissertação submetida à UNIVERSIDADE DE TRÁS-OS-MONTES E ALTO DOURO para obtenção do grau de MESTRE de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Eletrotécnica e de Computadores
Palavras-chave
Túnel Rodoviário , Luminárias Led