Análise do jogo de futebol: Padrões de jogo ofensivo em equipas de alto rendimento: uma abordagem qualitativa
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2012
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O presente estudo teve como propósito estudar o jogo de futebol de alto rendimento procurando: i) determinar variáveis comportamentais, espaciais e contextuais que permitam caraterizar e diferenciar os métodos de jogo ofensivo em equipas com diferentes filosofias de jogo; ii) caraterizar a conceção dos treinadores acerca da especificidade das características do jogo de cada equipa analisada, bem como dos aspetos essenciais a observar no jogo.
Recorreu-se à metodologia observacional para a recolha de dados, mediante um desenho de estudo nomotético/seguimento/multidimensional. Foram registadas as sequências ofensivas de 36 jogos (12 por equipa) das equipas do Barcelona, Inter de Milão e Manchester United da época desportiva 2009/2010. Para a realização da análise sequencial de retardos foi utilizado o software SDIS-GSEQ.
Os resultados desta análise permitiram concluir que: i) na fase ofensiva, existem condutas que mantêm uma relação excitatória com determinadas condutas em detrimento de outras, permitindo a determinação de padrões sequenciais de conduta e relações excitatórias de umas condutas em relação a outras que as antecedem ou sucedem; ii) o jogo de futebol, pela diversidade de soluções que o caraterizam e que são motivadas, entre outros fatores, pelo contexto de cooperação e oposição, se carateriza por alguma instabilidade relativamente às sequências ofensivas; iii) existem relações excitatórias que certas condutas mantêm entre si e que aumentam a probabilidade de transições positivas para finais das sequências ofensivas com eficácia, variando em função do método de jogo ofensivo e das diferentes equipas analisadas; iv) existe um conjunto de condutas que consideramos de maior pendor ofensivo (tais como o drible, o remate, o cruzamento, o duelo e a intervenção do adversário sem êxito) por estarem, normalmente, mais relacionadas ou por precederem situações de pré-finalização, ou então, porque excitam finais do processo ofensivo; v) os padrões sequenciais detetados revelam caraterísticas específicas de diferentes filosofias de jogo das equipas sob estudo.
Posteriormente foram conduzidas entrevistas semi-estruturadas a 8 treinadores com experiência (14,9±8,6 anos de experiência) como treinadores principais na I Liga Portuguesa de Futebol. Os dados foram analisados através da técnica de análise de conteúdo (Bardin, 2008), tendo as categorias sido definidas a priori e a posteriori. O software QSR Nvivo 9 foi utilizado na codificação das entrevistas.
Através desta parte do estudo foi possível concluir que os treinadores: i) possuíam um entendimento semelhante ao do próprio autor relativamente à interpretação dos padrões de jogo detetados; ii) consideram que os aspetos diferenciadores das Ligas de futebol em estudo se estabelecem sobretudo ao nível dos fatores culturais e estratégico-táticos; iii) não privilegiam o recurso a nenhum método de jogo ofensivo em particular; iv) sustentam o processo de treino sobretudo em quatro grandes tarefas (preparação, observação, avaliação/diagnóstico e intervenção); v) consideram que três das principais tendências evolutivas do jogo/treino são o desenvolvimento de exercícios que incidam sobre: a ligação dos momentos de jogo, a recuperação pré-programada da bola, a execução dos esquemas táticos.
The aim of the present study was to study a football game in order to: i) determine behavioral, spatial and contextual variables that enable the characterization and differentiation of the methods of attacking play in teams with different philosophies of play, ii) characterize the coaches’ conceptions about the specific game characteristics of each examined team as well as essential aspects to observe during the game. The sample included 36 games (12 per team) from the sporting season 2009/2010 of Barcelona, Interzionalle Milano and Manchester United. The design used in the present study was based on the observational methodology applied to the acquisition of data, and was nomothetic/follow-up/multidimensional. The software SDIS-GSEQ was used to perform the sequential analysis. The results of this analysis allowed us to conclude that: i) in the offensive process there are conducts that maintain an excitatory relationship with certain conducts in detriment of others, allowing the determination of patterns of conduct and excitatory relations of some conducts in relation to others that precede or succeed them; ii) the game in which the diversity of solutions that characterize it and that are motivated, among other factors, by the cooperation and opposition context, is characterized by some instability in relation to the offensive sequences; iii) there are excitatory relationships that certain conducts maintain between themselves, which increase the probability of positive transitions so that the offensive sequences end with efficacy, varying according to the offensive game method and the different teams that are analyzed; iv) there is a set of conducts that we consider of greater offensive propensity (such as dribbling, shooting, crossing, duel and unsuccessful opponent intervention) because they are usually more related to pre-finishing situations or because they excite the end of the offensive sequences; v) the detected sequential patterns reveal specific characteristics of the different teams’ philosophies of play. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews were carried out with 8 experienced First Portuguese League coaches (14, 9 ± 8, 6 years of experience), and the data were analyzed through the technique of content analysis (Bardin, 2008), the elaboration of the categories having been defined a priori and a posteriori. The software QSR NVivo 9 was used in coding the transcripts of the interviews. Through this part of the study we concluded that the coaches: i) had a similar understanding to that of the author himself in relation to the interpretations of the detected patterns of play; ii) believe that the differentiating aspects of the football leagues in the study are established primarily at the level of cultural and strategic-tactical factors; iii) do not privilege the use of any specific method of offensive play; iv) support the training process mainly in four major tasks (preparation, observation, evaluation/diagnosis and intervention); v) consider that three of the main evolutionary tendencies of the game / training are the development of exercises that focus on: the connection of the four moments of the game, the preprogrammed ball recovery possession, carrying out of tactical schemes.
The aim of the present study was to study a football game in order to: i) determine behavioral, spatial and contextual variables that enable the characterization and differentiation of the methods of attacking play in teams with different philosophies of play, ii) characterize the coaches’ conceptions about the specific game characteristics of each examined team as well as essential aspects to observe during the game. The sample included 36 games (12 per team) from the sporting season 2009/2010 of Barcelona, Interzionalle Milano and Manchester United. The design used in the present study was based on the observational methodology applied to the acquisition of data, and was nomothetic/follow-up/multidimensional. The software SDIS-GSEQ was used to perform the sequential analysis. The results of this analysis allowed us to conclude that: i) in the offensive process there are conducts that maintain an excitatory relationship with certain conducts in detriment of others, allowing the determination of patterns of conduct and excitatory relations of some conducts in relation to others that precede or succeed them; ii) the game in which the diversity of solutions that characterize it and that are motivated, among other factors, by the cooperation and opposition context, is characterized by some instability in relation to the offensive sequences; iii) there are excitatory relationships that certain conducts maintain between themselves, which increase the probability of positive transitions so that the offensive sequences end with efficacy, varying according to the offensive game method and the different teams that are analyzed; iv) there is a set of conducts that we consider of greater offensive propensity (such as dribbling, shooting, crossing, duel and unsuccessful opponent intervention) because they are usually more related to pre-finishing situations or because they excite the end of the offensive sequences; v) the detected sequential patterns reveal specific characteristics of the different teams’ philosophies of play. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews were carried out with 8 experienced First Portuguese League coaches (14, 9 ± 8, 6 years of experience), and the data were analyzed through the technique of content analysis (Bardin, 2008), the elaboration of the categories having been defined a priori and a posteriori. The software QSR NVivo 9 was used in coding the transcripts of the interviews. Through this part of the study we concluded that the coaches: i) had a similar understanding to that of the author himself in relation to the interpretations of the detected patterns of play; ii) believe that the differentiating aspects of the football leagues in the study are established primarily at the level of cultural and strategic-tactical factors; iii) do not privilege the use of any specific method of offensive play; iv) support the training process mainly in four major tasks (preparation, observation, evaluation/diagnosis and intervention); v) consider that three of the main evolutionary tendencies of the game / training are the development of exercises that focus on: the connection of the four moments of the game, the preprogrammed ball recovery possession, carrying out of tactical schemes.
Descrição
Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências do Desporto
Palavras-chave
Soccer , Metodologia Observacional , Análise Sequencial , Padrões de Jogo , Análise de Conteúdo