A influência dos estilos de vida no auto-conceito e ansiedade social em adolescentes
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2010
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Este estudo objectiva analisar a influência dos estilos de vida, mais especificamente dos comportamentos de saúde (prática de exercício físico, alimentação e consumo de álcool e tabaco) no auto-conceito e na ansiedade social, em jovens adolescentes com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 18 anos.
A amostra contemplou a participação de 537 estudantes do 7º ao 12º ano, de uma Escola Secundária de Vila Real, sendo constituída por 263 (49%) alunos do sexo masculino e 274 (51%) alunos do sexo feminino, com média de idades de 14,66±1,90 anos. Como instrumentos foram utilizados: 1) um Questionário sociodemográfico, que permitiu caracterizar a amostra relativamente a algumas variáveis, nomeadamente, o sexo, as fases de adolescência, o ano escolar e as retenções; 2) o Inventário de comportamentos relacionados com a saúde dos adolescentes, que permitiu recolher informações sobre os comportamentos relacionados com a saúde e estilos de vida dos adolescentes; 3) o Self-Description Questionaire II concebido para medir o auto-conceito em jovens que se situam na adolescência média e final; e por fim 4) a Social Anxiety Scale for adolescents para medir a ansiedade social em adolescentes.
Os resultados obtidos foram diversos. Relativamente à caracterização dos estilos de vida, observou-se que são os adolescentes do sexo feminino que adoptam mais comportamentos protectores de saúde e que a adopção de comportamentos de saúde vai diminuindo à medida que o adolescente se desenvolve. Por outro lado, as análises efectuadas no que concerne à influência dos comportamentos de saúde sobre o auto-conceito e a ansiedade social permitiram verificar que esta é maior sobre o auto-conceito, manifestando-se uma relação com todos os comportamentos de saúde, enquanto para a ansiedade social apenas se assistiu a uma relação negativa com o consumo de tabaco e álcool. A adopção de comportamentos protectores de saúde influencia positivamente diversas dimensões do auto-conceito, nomeadamente, as dimensões do Auto-conceito Académico, do Auto-conceito na Actividade Física e Desporto, do Auto-conceito na Relação com os Pais e do Auto-conceito na Estabilidade Emocional e na Integridade e Honestidade. Os resultados obtidos quanto às variáveis sociodemográficas permitiram verificar que em relação à variável sexo, as raparigas para além de evidenciarem níveis mais elevados de ansiedade social, também apresentam um auto-conceito superior nas dimensões do Auto-conceito na Língua Materna e na Honestidade e Integridade, sendo que os rapazes evidenciaram uma superioridade quanto ao Auto-conceito na Aparência Física, na Actividade Física e Desporto e na Estabilidade Emocional. Os alunos mais jovens, em fase inicial de adolescência e a frequentar o ensino básico, apresentaram um auto-conceito mais elevado, embora os resultados apenas se tenham mostrado significativos para algumas dimensões. No que respeita a variável retenção, pode-se salientar que os alunos que revelaram nunca experienciar uma retenção escolar manifestavam valores superiores de auto-conceito. No que concerne à ansiedade social não se manifestaram diferenças significativas entre as fases de adolescência, a escolaridade e a retenção.
No global, este estudo permite destacar a importância do desenvolvimento de Programas de Promoção e Educação para a Saúde, principalmente no meio escolar, e consciencializar os adolescentes sobre os problemas que podem surgir da adopção de comportamentos prejudiciais para a saúde.
The purpose of this study was analyze the influence of lifestyles, more specifically, health behaviors (physical exercise, alimentation and the consumption of tobacco and alcohol) on self-concept and social anxiety in adolescents with ages between 12 and 18. The sample included the participation of 537 students from 7th to 12th year, from the Secondary School from Vila Real, and consisted of 263 (49%) male students and 274 (51%) female students, with mean age of 14.66 ± 1.90 years. The instruments used were: a) Socio-Demographic questionnaire, which allowed us to characterize the sample for some variables, including sex, stages of adolescence, school year and school retention; 2) Inventory of health-related behaviors of adolescents, which provides access to information on behaviors related to health and lifestyles of adolescents; 3) Self-Description Questionnaire II designed to measure self-concept in young people are in middle and late adolescence, and finally, 4) the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents to measure social anxiety in adolescents. The results were diverse. For the characterization of lifestyles, it was observed that are the female adolescents who adopt more protective health behaviors and the adopting health behaviors will decrease as the adolescent develops. Furthermore, the analysis performed regarding the influence of health behaviors on self-concept and social anxiety showed that the influence is higher in the self-concept, manifesting a relationship with all health behaviors, whereas for social anxiety only was observed a negative relationship with the tobacco and alcohol consumption. The adoption of protective health behaviors influences, positively, different dimensions of self-concept, specifically, the dimensions of Academic Self-concept, Self-concept in Physical Activity and Sport, Self-concept in Relationship with Parents, Self-concept in Emotional Stability and, Self-concept in Integrity and Honesty. The results regarding sociodemographic variables demonstrated that, in relation to gender, girls showed higher levels of social anxiety, and had a higher self-concept in the dimensions of Mother Tongue and Honesty and Integrity, on the other hand, boys showed a superiority on the Self-concept in Physical Appearance, Physical Activity and Sport, and Emotional Stability. Younger students in the initial stage of adolescence and attending primary school had a higher self-concept, although the results have shown significance only for some dimensions. Regarding the variable school retention, it can be noted that students who never showed retention in their school experience, demonstrated higher values of self-concept. There were not expressed significant differences between stages of adolescence, schooling and retention in social anxiety. Overall, this study allows us to highlight the importance of developing programs for the Promotion and Health Education, especially in middle school, and raise awareness among adolescents about the issues that may arise from the adoption of harmful behaviors to health.
The purpose of this study was analyze the influence of lifestyles, more specifically, health behaviors (physical exercise, alimentation and the consumption of tobacco and alcohol) on self-concept and social anxiety in adolescents with ages between 12 and 18. The sample included the participation of 537 students from 7th to 12th year, from the Secondary School from Vila Real, and consisted of 263 (49%) male students and 274 (51%) female students, with mean age of 14.66 ± 1.90 years. The instruments used were: a) Socio-Demographic questionnaire, which allowed us to characterize the sample for some variables, including sex, stages of adolescence, school year and school retention; 2) Inventory of health-related behaviors of adolescents, which provides access to information on behaviors related to health and lifestyles of adolescents; 3) Self-Description Questionnaire II designed to measure self-concept in young people are in middle and late adolescence, and finally, 4) the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents to measure social anxiety in adolescents. The results were diverse. For the characterization of lifestyles, it was observed that are the female adolescents who adopt more protective health behaviors and the adopting health behaviors will decrease as the adolescent develops. Furthermore, the analysis performed regarding the influence of health behaviors on self-concept and social anxiety showed that the influence is higher in the self-concept, manifesting a relationship with all health behaviors, whereas for social anxiety only was observed a negative relationship with the tobacco and alcohol consumption. The adoption of protective health behaviors influences, positively, different dimensions of self-concept, specifically, the dimensions of Academic Self-concept, Self-concept in Physical Activity and Sport, Self-concept in Relationship with Parents, Self-concept in Emotional Stability and, Self-concept in Integrity and Honesty. The results regarding sociodemographic variables demonstrated that, in relation to gender, girls showed higher levels of social anxiety, and had a higher self-concept in the dimensions of Mother Tongue and Honesty and Integrity, on the other hand, boys showed a superiority on the Self-concept in Physical Appearance, Physical Activity and Sport, and Emotional Stability. Younger students in the initial stage of adolescence and attending primary school had a higher self-concept, although the results have shown significance only for some dimensions. Regarding the variable school retention, it can be noted that students who never showed retention in their school experience, demonstrated higher values of self-concept. There were not expressed significant differences between stages of adolescence, schooling and retention in social anxiety. Overall, this study allows us to highlight the importance of developing programs for the Promotion and Health Education, especially in middle school, and raise awareness among adolescents about the issues that may arise from the adoption of harmful behaviors to health.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia - especialização em Psicologia do Exercício e Saúde
Palavras-chave
Adolescência , Estilo de vida , Conceito de si , Comportamentos de saúde , Ansiedade social