A tuberculose bovina na Divisão de Intervenção Veterinária de Vila Real para o triénio 2008-2010
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2014-03-14
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O Mycobacterium bovis principal agente etiológico da Tuberculose Bovina tem perpetuado os seus efeitos na população bovina nacional mesmo após longos anos de implementação de programas de erradicação. Actualmente, o nosso país encontra-se no estádio final de exterminação da doença, no entanto, nos últimos dois anos observou-se um inesperado aumento dos indicadores epidemiológicos nas principais regiões produtoras de bovinos, Alentejo, Norte e Centro. As causas continuam incertas, existindo a possibilidade de novas fontes de infecção (espécies silvestres), diminuição da sensibilidade das provas de diagnóstico e mesmo uma redução no zelo pelos diferentes intervenientes no controlo da doença associado à confiança de que seria uma enfermidade do passado.
Um exemplo disso mesmo é a região alvo deste estudo, a área controlada pela Divisão de Intervenção Veterinária de Vila Real que muito contribui para a manutenção da doença na região de Trás-os-Montes, apresentando em 2010 uma prevalência de explorações positivas de 1,66% e incidência de 1,45%, o que corresponde a um aumento de mais de 4 vezes relativamente a 2008.
Foram analisados os vários surtos da doença para o triénio 2008-2010 e verificou-se que o concelho de Vila Real é o principal responsável pelos incrementos brutais nos indicadores epidemiológicos na área de intervenção da Divisão de Intervenção Veterinária de Vila Real.
A vigilância da doença a partir do matadouro demonstrou a sua importância no controlo da doença nesta região, uma vez que foram detectados por este método 25,9% dos casos de tuberculose bovina ocorridos no triénio.
A análise dos inquéritos epidemiológicos foi inconclusiva, embora qualquer uma das causas apontadas anteriormente possa explicar estes aumentos. No entanto, é necessário para esta zona do País mais estudos, não só pela realização de um maior número de inquéritos epidemiológicos bem como, pela investigação da importância das espécies silváticas nesta região.
No futuro próximo será provavelmente necessário um controlo mais estrito, tanto ao nível das práticas de maneio nas explorações e na execução e interpretação da prova da intradermotuberculinização, bem como o desenvolvimento de estudos epidemiológicos mais específicos que permitam obter respostas mais rápidas e fiáveis acerca das possíveis fontes de infecção, com o objectivo de adequar as medidas de controlo a aplicar em termos de momento oportuno e grau de agressividade.
A nível nacional o esforço tem de ser conjunto, e considerando a possibilidade de novas fontes de infecção em muitas regiões nasce a necessidade de desenvolver novas medidas de controlo e novas técnicas de diagnóstico mais sensíveis e mais céleres.
Mycobacterium bovis, main agent of Bovine Tuberculosis has perpetuated its effects on the national cattle population despite the implementation of eradication programs years ago. Although our country is in the final stage of the disease extermination, in the last two years, a sudden increase of the epidemiological indicators in the main cattle-producing regions (Alentejo, North and Center) has been noticed. The causes remain uncertain, raising the possibility for new sources of infection such as wildlife, a decrease on the effectiveness of diagnostic tests and even a reduction in the zeal paid by the professionals on the control of the disease, associated with the confidence that this is a problem that belongs to the past. One example of this situation, is the target region of this study, the area controlled by the Veterinary Division of Intervention of Vila Real, which greatly contributed to the ongoing of the disease in the region of Trás-os-Montes, presenting in 2010 a prevalence of positive herds of 1,66% and an incidence of 1.45%, that correspond to an increase of more than 4 times comparing to 2008. A vast number of outbreaks occurred during the period between 2008 and 2010 were analyzed and the results show that the council of Vila Real is the main responsible for a relevant increase in epidemiological indicators within the area of intervention of the Division of Veterinary Intervention in Vila Real. The surveillance of the disease within the slaughterhouse revealed to be of imperative importance in this area of study, since 25.9% of the cases of bovine tuberculosis occurred in the three year period were detected through the use of this method. The analysis of epidemiological studies was inconclusive, although any of the causes mentioned above could explain these increases. However, there is the need for further studies in this region of the country based on a larger number of epidemiological surveys and a consistent investigation on the importance of sylvan species. In the future, a stricter control will probably be necessary, in terms of farm management practices, implementation and interpretation of the intradermal test and the development of more specific epidemiological studies to obtain in a rapidly and precise way the sources of possible infections, with the objective of adapting the control measures to apply in an opportune moment and aggressive degree. A national effort has to be set and, considering new sources of infection in other regions, a further need to develop more effective and urgent measures, as well as new diagnostic techniques, grows.
Mycobacterium bovis, main agent of Bovine Tuberculosis has perpetuated its effects on the national cattle population despite the implementation of eradication programs years ago. Although our country is in the final stage of the disease extermination, in the last two years, a sudden increase of the epidemiological indicators in the main cattle-producing regions (Alentejo, North and Center) has been noticed. The causes remain uncertain, raising the possibility for new sources of infection such as wildlife, a decrease on the effectiveness of diagnostic tests and even a reduction in the zeal paid by the professionals on the control of the disease, associated with the confidence that this is a problem that belongs to the past. One example of this situation, is the target region of this study, the area controlled by the Veterinary Division of Intervention of Vila Real, which greatly contributed to the ongoing of the disease in the region of Trás-os-Montes, presenting in 2010 a prevalence of positive herds of 1,66% and an incidence of 1.45%, that correspond to an increase of more than 4 times comparing to 2008. A vast number of outbreaks occurred during the period between 2008 and 2010 were analyzed and the results show that the council of Vila Real is the main responsible for a relevant increase in epidemiological indicators within the area of intervention of the Division of Veterinary Intervention in Vila Real. The surveillance of the disease within the slaughterhouse revealed to be of imperative importance in this area of study, since 25.9% of the cases of bovine tuberculosis occurred in the three year period were detected through the use of this method. The analysis of epidemiological studies was inconclusive, although any of the causes mentioned above could explain these increases. However, there is the need for further studies in this region of the country based on a larger number of epidemiological surveys and a consistent investigation on the importance of sylvan species. In the future, a stricter control will probably be necessary, in terms of farm management practices, implementation and interpretation of the intradermal test and the development of more specific epidemiological studies to obtain in a rapidly and precise way the sources of possible infections, with the objective of adapting the control measures to apply in an opportune moment and aggressive degree. A national effort has to be set and, considering new sources of infection in other regions, a further need to develop more effective and urgent measures, as well as new diagnostic techniques, grows.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária, Ciências Veterinárias
Palavras-chave
Bovinae , Tuberculose , Vila Real (Portugal) , Mycobacterium bovis