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Item Acesso Aberto Evolution of body position in uneven bars routines - Influence of “in bar” elements.2011 - Ferreirinha, José; Marques, António; Alves, Francisco; Carvalho, Joana; Côrte-Real, Cristina; Silva, AntónioAs a consequence of changes on apparatus structure and Code of Points, gymnasts are using more and more the straigth body position in Uneven Bars routines. Purpose of the present study was to analyse the infl uence of “in bar” elements on body position during Uneven Bars routines. Observational methodology was used to construct and validate two observation categories comprising eleven variables considered as indicators of the external load in uneven bars. 83 world championships and Olympic Games fi nals uneven bars routines were analysed between 1989 and 2004. As main results we observed signifi cant increases in the execution of “in bar” elements, with and without longitudinal rotations, as well as in respective diffi culty. Straight body position elements increased from 6.45 to 9.71 up to 2001 and decreased to 7.88 by 2004.Close body position elements ranged from 8.15 to 8.21 till 2001 and increased to 10.94 by 2004. We may conclude that compulsory use of “in bar” elements and their execution beyond Code requirements contradicted the trends for a bigger use of straight body position.Item Acesso Aberto Structure and evolution trends of the external load in uneven bars. Analysis of the rotations in competition routines.2011 - Ferreirinha, José; Marques, António; Alves, Francisco; Carvalho, Joana; Côrte-Real, Cristina; Silva, AntónioAlthough the Artistic Gymnastics is referred as a sport associated to high volumes and intensities of training, there are few objective studies to support these conclusions. Purpose of the present study was to characterize and evaluate external load trends in high level uneven bars routine, based on the rotations analysis. Through the observational methodology, we constructed and validated an observation category comprising thirteen variables considered as indicators of the external load in uneven bars. We observed 83 uneven bars routines from world championships and Olympic games fi nals between 1989 and 2004. As main results we observed signifi cant increases in forward and backward rotations in support, in longitudinal rotations in support, direct rotations of 360º and in “in bar” elements with longitudinal rotation. We may conclude that: a) gymnasts executed much more backward than forward rotations on the transversal axis in support and in aerial phase; b) volume of the rotations on the longitudinal axis in support position presented a big evolution, increasing the complexity of the movements; d) In the present gymnasts don’t execute any longitudinal rotation in hang position.