Efeitos da prática de exercício físico nas dimensões físicas e psicológicas em mulheres brasileiras: perspectivas transversais e longitudinais
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2015-05-06
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O presente estudo teve como objetivo central, analisar os efeitos da prática de diferentes
tipos de exercício físico (treino de força, dança e hidroginástica) nas dimensões físicas e
psicológicas de mulheres brasileiras durante 16 semanas. Desenvolveu-se quatro estudos
entre 2011 – 2013. O primeiro e único, de natureza transversal, constituiu-se de uma
amostra de 66 mulheres ativas e sedentárias com idades entre 18-56 anos. A amostra dos
estudos subsequentes, longitudinais - quasi-experimentais, foi constituída por 89 mulheres
com idades entre 25-55 anos. Em ambas condições, as participantes foram distribuídas em
quatro grupos: sedentárias, praticantes do treino de força, dança e hidroginástica,
provenientes de academias particulares de musculação e hidroginástica e uma instituição
pública municipal da cidade de Natal-RN-Brasil. Procedimentos estandardizados permitiram
avaliar os componentes da composição corporal e os níveis de satisfação com a aparência
física, percepção de saúde, percepção da imagem corporal, autoestima e depressão. Os
procedimentos estatísticos univariados e multivariados foram realizados pelo programa
SPSS 20. No primeiro estudo, o teste da Manova indicou que a variável grupo de prática
exerceu um efeito multivariado significativo sobre a composição corporal, tendo os grupos
do treino de força e dança revelado um perfil de composição corporal mais saudável. Para
as dimensões psicológicas, verificou-se um efeito significativo univariado na satisfação com
aparência física, revelando o grupo das sedentárias menores níveis. A análise correlacional
indicou que uma maior insatisfação com a imagem/aparência corporal se relaciona
positivamente com os componentes da composição corporal. No segundo estudo, relativo as
dimensões físicas, a densidade corporal foi estimada pelo protocolo de 3DC de Jackson,
Pollock e Ward (1980). A Anova e deltas de variação (Δ%) demonstraram que os efeitos de
maior significância foram observados para o percentual de gordura, massa gorda e massa
magra. O grupo da hidroginástica e do treino de força, foram mais beneficiados na redução
do percentual de gordura. O fator tempo foi o mais efetivo sobre os efeitos do exercício nas
dimensões antropométricas. O terceiro estudo, faz abordagens as dimensões psicológicas.
Utilizou-se médias marginais estimadas para satisfação com a aparência física, percepção
de saúde e depressão. A Ancova indicou que efeitos significativos no fator de interação
Tempo x Grupo para satisfação com a aparência física, percepção de saúde e autoestima favoráveis aos grupos experimentais, sendo esse efeito superior nas praticantes do treino de
força. O quarto e último estudo, apresenta as correlações entre dimensões físicas e
psicológicas por grupo. Observou-se que as dimensões se correlacionam conforme o tipo de
atividade, os componentes da composição corporal e os aspectos psicológicos. O grupo que
praticou dança obteve o maior número de associações. As principais conclusões:
Independente do tipo de exercício físico praticado, mulheres fisicamente ativas
apresentaram um perfil antropométrico e psicológico mais saudável comparado à
sedentárias. O efeito do exercício ocorre diferentemente para cada componente
antropométrico ou psicológico. As alterações longitudinais das dimensões físicas foram
melhor evidenciadas nas praticantes do treino de força e hidroginástica. Entre as dimensões
psicológicas, os efeitos do exercício foram mais significativos para a satisfação com a
aparência física, percepção de saúde e autoestima, sobressaindo às praticantes do treino de
força. Dentre os diferentes tipos de exercício, a prática da dança indicou um maior número
de associações entre as dimensões físicas e psicológicas.
The present study aimed to analyze the effects of the practice of different types of exercise (strength training, dance and hydrogymnastic) in the physical and psychological dimensions of Brazilian women for 16 weeks. Four studies between 2011 - 2013 were developed. The first and only study of transversal nature, consisted of a sample of 66 active and sedentary women between 18 and 56 years old. A sample of the subsequent longitudinal studies - quasi-experimental, consisted of 89 women between 25 and 55 years of age. In both conditions the participants from strength training and hydrogymnastic gyms and a public municipal institution in the city of Natal, RN, Brazil were divided into the following four groups: sedentary, practitioners of strength training, dance and hydrogymnastic. Standardized procedures allowed to evaluate the components of body composition and levels of satisfaction with physical appearance, health perception, perception of body image, self-esteem and depression. For the univariate and multivariate statistical procedures the SPSS 20 program was used in the first study, the test of Manova indicated that the variable group of practice had a significant multivariate effect on body composition. The groups performing strength training and dance revealed a healthier profile on body composition. As for the psychological dimensions, there was a significant univariate effect on the physical appearance satisfaction, revealing the lowest levels for the group of sedentary. The correlational analysis indicated that greater dissatisfaction with the image / body appearance is positively related with the components of body composition. In the second study concerning the physical dimensions, the body density was estimated by protocol 3DC Jackson, Pollock and Ward (1980). The Anova and deltas of variation (Δ%) demonstrated that the effects of greater significance were observed for fat percentage, fat mass and lean mass. The group of hydrogymnastic and strength training were most benefited in reducing the percentage of fat. Most effective on the effects of exercise on anthropometric dimensions was the time factor. The third study approached the psychological dimensions. An estimated marginal average for satisfaction with physical appearance, perceived health and depression was used. Ancova indicated that the significant factor of interaction of Group x Time for satisfaction with physical appearance, health perception and self-esteem was favorable to the experimental groups with the greatest effects on the strenght training group. The fourth and final study presented the effects of correlations between physical and psychological dimensions per group. It was observed that the dimensions are correlated by type of activity, body composition components and psychological aspects. The group that practiced dance had the highest number of associations. Therefore, the main conclusion was that regardless of type of exercise, physically active women had a healthier anthropometric and psychological profile compared to sedentary. The effect of exercise occurs differently for each anthropometric and psychological component. Longitudinal changes in physical dimensions were best evidenced in practitioners of strength training and hydrogymnastic. Among the psychological dimensions the effects of exercise were most significant for satisfaction with physical appearance, health perception and self-esteem, highlighting the practitioners of strength training. In the different types of exercise the dance roup indicated a greater number of associations between the physical and psychological dimensions.
The present study aimed to analyze the effects of the practice of different types of exercise (strength training, dance and hydrogymnastic) in the physical and psychological dimensions of Brazilian women for 16 weeks. Four studies between 2011 - 2013 were developed. The first and only study of transversal nature, consisted of a sample of 66 active and sedentary women between 18 and 56 years old. A sample of the subsequent longitudinal studies - quasi-experimental, consisted of 89 women between 25 and 55 years of age. In both conditions the participants from strength training and hydrogymnastic gyms and a public municipal institution in the city of Natal, RN, Brazil were divided into the following four groups: sedentary, practitioners of strength training, dance and hydrogymnastic. Standardized procedures allowed to evaluate the components of body composition and levels of satisfaction with physical appearance, health perception, perception of body image, self-esteem and depression. For the univariate and multivariate statistical procedures the SPSS 20 program was used in the first study, the test of Manova indicated that the variable group of practice had a significant multivariate effect on body composition. The groups performing strength training and dance revealed a healthier profile on body composition. As for the psychological dimensions, there was a significant univariate effect on the physical appearance satisfaction, revealing the lowest levels for the group of sedentary. The correlational analysis indicated that greater dissatisfaction with the image / body appearance is positively related with the components of body composition. In the second study concerning the physical dimensions, the body density was estimated by protocol 3DC Jackson, Pollock and Ward (1980). The Anova and deltas of variation (Δ%) demonstrated that the effects of greater significance were observed for fat percentage, fat mass and lean mass. The group of hydrogymnastic and strength training were most benefited in reducing the percentage of fat. Most effective on the effects of exercise on anthropometric dimensions was the time factor. The third study approached the psychological dimensions. An estimated marginal average for satisfaction with physical appearance, perceived health and depression was used. Ancova indicated that the significant factor of interaction of Group x Time for satisfaction with physical appearance, health perception and self-esteem was favorable to the experimental groups with the greatest effects on the strenght training group. The fourth and final study presented the effects of correlations between physical and psychological dimensions per group. It was observed that the dimensions are correlated by type of activity, body composition components and psychological aspects. The group that practiced dance had the highest number of associations. Therefore, the main conclusion was that regardless of type of exercise, physically active women had a healthier anthropometric and psychological profile compared to sedentary. The effect of exercise occurs differently for each anthropometric and psychological component. Longitudinal changes in physical dimensions were best evidenced in practitioners of strength training and hydrogymnastic. Among the psychological dimensions the effects of exercise were most significant for satisfaction with physical appearance, health perception and self-esteem, highlighting the practitioners of strength training. In the different types of exercise the dance roup indicated a greater number of associations between the physical and psychological dimensions.
Descrição
Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências do Desporto
Palavras-chave
Saúde , Exercícios físicos , Composição corporal , Treino de força , Dança , Hidroginástica