O Naturalismo na pintura de José Malhoa e a sua repercussão na cultura portuguesa
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2015
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Esta tese de doutoramento aborda a temática do Naturalismo e a sua repercussão na cultura portuguesa, no contexto artístico do pintor José Malhoa. Malhoa desenvolveu com sucesso a sua carreira artística e académica, tornou-se um dos mais consagrados pintores naturalistas e simultaneamente representativo da cultura portuguesa, pelo tratamento que incutiu à sua temática, nomeadamente na pintura do género.
Malhoa, pintor paisagista, de costumes rurais, pintor da história e retratista foi referencial em todos os seus géneros. A “Seara Invadida”, obra que enviou à exposição de Madrid, e com a qual foi muito bem recebido, trará ao artista o seu reconhecimento e incentivo à continuação do seu trabalho artístico e será a marca para Malhoa se dedicar exclusivamente à pintura.
Nas suas representações pintadas, José Malhoa descreve o país real, de uma cultura popular intrínseca nos ambientes descritos nas telas, onde se pode observar as histórias do quotidiano, da gente simples e também da alta sociedade, que apreciava merecidamente o seu trabalho. Na sua obra tudo é retratado: uma panóplia de assuntos, desde a emigração, à religiosidade, aos costumes rurais e tarefas agrícolas. Essa importância de Malhoa na Cultura Portuguesa, evidencia-se pela profundidade que transmite na sua técnica de pintura, numa obra que busca os aspetos da ruralidade vincada no país em várias temáticas, desde a paisagem, à realidade dos costumes e das vivências do quotidiano. As personagens que pinta são muitas vezes reais na sua existência, representando pictoricamente cenas dos costumes impregnados do povo, enquanto identidade própria.
José Malhoa contribuiu vivamente para que o estilo naturalista se implementasse e perdurasse. O pintor repartiu a sua atividade entre o ateliê da capital e o “Casulo” de Figueiró dos Vinhos, local considerado como a sua terra adotiva. No primeiro, Malhoa efetuava sobretudo o retrato para uma clientela burguesa, ou concluía os temas que captara em Figueiró nos dias de Primavera e Verão. Conhecido pelo pintor da luz e do sol português, foi em Figueiró que se inspirou e pintou a maioria dos seus quadros.
O Mestre Malhoa pôde ver ainda em vida uma homenagem feita como poucos. A sua terra Natal galardoou-o com um Museu, tendo ele oferecido as suas obras, apesar de já não brindar a inauguração com a sua presença, pois faleceu pouco tempo antes, em 26 de
Outubro de 1933 em Figueiró dos Vinhos e o museu foi inaugurado em 28 de Abril de 1934.O Mestre foi sepultado em Lisboa no cemitério dos Prazeres, junto da esposa.
No seu contexto artístico muitos companheiros comungaram das suas ideias e estilo e por esse facto são referenciados dada a importância que tiveram na implementação e sedimentação do Naturalismo em Portugal, quando na Europa já outras correntes artísticas se impunham.
A estética plástica de Malhoa também foi notória e devidamente diferenciada, sendo a linguagem cromática uma linha condutora e uma constatação do seguimento do movimento naturalista em Portugal. A sua estética interliga-se com a versatilidade de técnicas que o artista aplicou nos seus temas enriquecendo desta forma a sua obra como uma referência, sobretudo nacional, mas também se refletiu numa apreciação que ultrapassou fronteiras.
José Malhoa deixou uma imensa obra representada em vários museus nacionais e estrangeiros a comprovar o seu talento de excelência e a refletir na sua maioria a cultura portuguesa, que ele tão bem preservou e divulgou através da linguagem plástica e pictórica numa harmonia resplandecente.
This thesis is about the Naturalist art and its influence in Portuguese culture, in the artistic context of the painter José Malhoa. Malhoa developed successfully his artistic and academic career and became one of the most important naturalist painters and at the same time a representative artist of Portuguese culture, for the technique that Malhoa skillfully mastered. Malhoa, landscape painter, of rural manners, history painter and portraitist, was remarkable in all his genres. The work “Seara Invadida”, which he sent to the exhibition in Madrid, brought him the acknowledgement and the encouragement he needed to go on with his artistic work. It was also the stimulation to dedicate himself exclusively to painting. In his paintings, José Malhoa describes his real country with popular scenes where he examines daily life both of popular figures and of high society, who appreciated his work. In his works a large number of subjects cab be found, such as emigration, religion, rural manners and farming activities. The importance of Malhoa in Portuguese Culture is related to the deepness of his painting techniques, in a work which examines the rural aspects of the country through landscape, reality of manners and experiences of daily life. The characters he portraits, many times real in their existence, represent scenes from popular manners. José Malhoa highly contributed to the development and establishment of the naturalist style. The painter divided his activity between Lisbon and Figueiró dos Vinhos, which is considered his adoptive hometown. In the capital, Malhoa worked for bourgeois customers and finished the themes he observed in Figueiró in spring and winter days. Known as the painter of light and sun, it was in Figueiró that he inspired himself and where he did a large number of paintings. Malhoa experienced a singular tribute. His hometown dedicated a museum to him in which we can see some of his works, donated by the painter. He wasn´t alive by the time the museum opened, because he died on 26th October 1933 in Figueiró dos Vinhos and the museum was inaugurated on 28th April1934. The master was buried in Lisbon, in Cemitério dos Prazeres, alongside his wife. In his artistic context many artists shared his ideas and style, and for this reason they are mentioned due to the importance they had in the establishment of Naturalism in Portugal, whereas in Europe other artistic movements were increasing. Malhoa’s plastic style was also notable and different from others. The chromatic language was a guide of the naturalism in Portugal. His style is connected to the versatility of his techniques, which he used on his themes, enriching his works as a national reference, but it also reflected as influence that exceeded boundaries. José Malhoa left a huge collection of works which we can find in national and foreign museums. His works prove his excellent talent and show the Portuguese culture, which he preserved and spread through plastic and pictorial language in a resplendent harmony.
This thesis is about the Naturalist art and its influence in Portuguese culture, in the artistic context of the painter José Malhoa. Malhoa developed successfully his artistic and academic career and became one of the most important naturalist painters and at the same time a representative artist of Portuguese culture, for the technique that Malhoa skillfully mastered. Malhoa, landscape painter, of rural manners, history painter and portraitist, was remarkable in all his genres. The work “Seara Invadida”, which he sent to the exhibition in Madrid, brought him the acknowledgement and the encouragement he needed to go on with his artistic work. It was also the stimulation to dedicate himself exclusively to painting. In his paintings, José Malhoa describes his real country with popular scenes where he examines daily life both of popular figures and of high society, who appreciated his work. In his works a large number of subjects cab be found, such as emigration, religion, rural manners and farming activities. The importance of Malhoa in Portuguese Culture is related to the deepness of his painting techniques, in a work which examines the rural aspects of the country through landscape, reality of manners and experiences of daily life. The characters he portraits, many times real in their existence, represent scenes from popular manners. José Malhoa highly contributed to the development and establishment of the naturalist style. The painter divided his activity between Lisbon and Figueiró dos Vinhos, which is considered his adoptive hometown. In the capital, Malhoa worked for bourgeois customers and finished the themes he observed in Figueiró in spring and winter days. Known as the painter of light and sun, it was in Figueiró that he inspired himself and where he did a large number of paintings. Malhoa experienced a singular tribute. His hometown dedicated a museum to him in which we can see some of his works, donated by the painter. He wasn´t alive by the time the museum opened, because he died on 26th October 1933 in Figueiró dos Vinhos and the museum was inaugurated on 28th April1934. The master was buried in Lisbon, in Cemitério dos Prazeres, alongside his wife. In his artistic context many artists shared his ideas and style, and for this reason they are mentioned due to the importance they had in the establishment of Naturalism in Portugal, whereas in Europe other artistic movements were increasing. Malhoa’s plastic style was also notable and different from others. The chromatic language was a guide of the naturalism in Portugal. His style is connected to the versatility of his techniques, which he used on his themes, enriching his works as a national reference, but it also reflected as influence that exceeded boundaries. José Malhoa left a huge collection of works which we can find in national and foreign museums. His works prove his excellent talent and show the Portuguese culture, which he preserved and spread through plastic and pictorial language in a resplendent harmony.
Descrição
Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências da Cultura
Palavras-chave
Malhoa, José, 1855-1933 , Arte , Pintura , Naturalismo , Cultura