Efeito do método de aleitamento nas performances zootécnicas de suínos
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2016-01-13
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A utilização do leite de substituição na alimentação dos leitões foi avaliada em dois ensaios experimentais. No ensaio 1 foram utilizados 180 leitões, distribuídos por quatro tratamentos: DA, DL, FA, FL. Aos 7 dias de idade, foram retirados os leitões débeis de 37 porcas e distribuídos pelos tratamentos DA (adotados por ‘porcas-ama’, 2,0 kg, n=24) e DL (desmamados e submetidos a aleitamento artificial, 2,1 kg, n=24). Aleatoriamente, foram identificados três leitões de cada uma das 37 porcas e designados como tratamento FA, tendo permanecido em amamentação convencional (2,9 kg, n=107). As ninhadas das ‘porcas-ama’, constituídas por leitões bem desenvolvidos/fortes (tratamento FL; 3,1 kg, n=24) foram desmamadas e submetidas a aleitamento artificial. O aleitamento artificial foi constituído pela diluição em água de leite de substituição e alimento pré-starter em proporções que variaram ao longo do tempo. Aos 28 dias de idade os leitões do tratamento FA apresentaram um peso superior (P<0,05) aos restantes tratamentos (8,1 kg para FA vs. 6,7 kg para DA; 4,9 kg para DL; 5,8 kg para FL). Entre os 7 e os 28 dias de idade, os leitões ‘amamentados’ (tratamentos DA e FA) mostraram um GMD superior (P<0,05) aos leitões alimentados com leite de substituição (tratamentos DL e FL). Aos 91 dias de idade, os leitões FA apresentaram um peso maior (P<0,05) que os outros grupos. Também a esta idade, os leitões FL revelaram um peso igual (P>0,05) ao dos leitões DA e superior (P<0,05) ao dos leitões DL. Os leitões DA e DL não tiveram diferenças de peso a esta idade (P>0,05). No ensaio 2 foi avaliado, na performance dos animais, o efeito do leite de substituição administrado como suplemento aos leitões que permaneceram com a sua progenitora até aos 25 dias de idade. Vinte e quatro horas após o nascimento, 150 leitões foram distribuídos por dois tratamentos: ‘suplementados’ (1,6 kg; n=75) e ‘não suplementados’ (1,5 kg; n=75), dos 4 dias de idade até ao desmame. Aos 21 dias de idade, os leitões ‘suplementados’ apresentaram um peso similar ao dos leitões ‘não suplementados’ (5,8 vs. 5,7 kg; P>0,05). Os leitões ‘suplementados’ mostraram, entre os 14 e os 21 dias de idade, uma tendência (P=0,10) para um maior GMD (0,234 vs. 0,205 kg), relativamente aos leitões ‘não suplementados’. Com estes estudos pode-se concluir que o aleitamento artificial e a adoção são duas estratégias viáveis para lidar com ninhadas numerosas. O aleitamento artificial parece ser mais viável para leitões bem desenvolvidos e a adoção para leitões mais débeis. A utilização de leite de substituição como suplemento do leite materno pode aumentar o crescimento dos leitões a partir dos 14 dias de idade.
The use of milk replacer as substitute of sow’s milk in piglet feeding was studied in two experiments. 180 piglets were used on the first study, distributed in 4 treatments: DA, DL, FA, FL. Smaller piglets were retired from their mother at 7 days of age and distributed in DA (adopted by nurse sows, 2,0 kg, n=24) and DL (weaned and feeded milk replacer 2,1 kg, n=24). Three piglets from each of the 37 sows were randomly chosen and identified, those were designed as FA treatment, being maintained in a conventional feeding system with their mother (2,9 kg, n=107). Nurse sow’s litters, consisting mainly in larger piglets (FL treatment, 3,1 kg, n=24) were weaned and feeded milk replacer. The artificially reared milk was mainly composed of milk replacer and creep feed diluted in water, with different proportions over time. Piglets from FA treatment presented higher weight (P<0,05) at 28 days of age, compared to the others treatments (8,1 kg for FA vs. 6,7 kg for DA, 4,9 kg for DL, 5,8 kg for FL). Piglets from DA and FA treatments showed a higher ADG (P<0,05) between 7 to 28 days of age compared to the piglets feeded with milk replacer (DL and FL treatments). At 91 days of age, pigs from the FA treatment had higher weights (P<0,05) than pigs from the other treatments. Whereas the pigs from FL treatment presented a similar weight (p>0,05) as pigs from DA treatment but higher (P<0,05) than pigs from DL treatment. Pigs from DA and DL treatments didn’t present differences in weight (P>0,05). The second study assessed the effect of milk replacer offered to suckling piglets until 25 days of age on their performances.150 piglets were distributed 24h after birth between two treatments, “supplemented” (1,6 kg; n=75) and “not supplemented” (1,5 kg; n=75), whereas they were feeded milk replacer between 4 days after birth until weaning. The pigs “supplemented” presented a similar weight as the pigs “not supplemented” at 21 days of age (5,8 vs. 5,7 kg; P>0,05). “Supplemented” piglets ADG from 14 to 21 days of age had tendency (P=0,10) to be higher than “not supplemented” piglets (0,234 vs. 0,205 kg). These experiments showed that milk replacer and fostering are two viable strategies against large litter sizes. Milk replacer seemed to be more effective when used on larger piglets whereas fostering appeared a better choice for smaller piglets. The use of milk replacer as a supplement for suckling pigs can enhance piglet’s growth from 14 days of age.
The use of milk replacer as substitute of sow’s milk in piglet feeding was studied in two experiments. 180 piglets were used on the first study, distributed in 4 treatments: DA, DL, FA, FL. Smaller piglets were retired from their mother at 7 days of age and distributed in DA (adopted by nurse sows, 2,0 kg, n=24) and DL (weaned and feeded milk replacer 2,1 kg, n=24). Three piglets from each of the 37 sows were randomly chosen and identified, those were designed as FA treatment, being maintained in a conventional feeding system with their mother (2,9 kg, n=107). Nurse sow’s litters, consisting mainly in larger piglets (FL treatment, 3,1 kg, n=24) were weaned and feeded milk replacer. The artificially reared milk was mainly composed of milk replacer and creep feed diluted in water, with different proportions over time. Piglets from FA treatment presented higher weight (P<0,05) at 28 days of age, compared to the others treatments (8,1 kg for FA vs. 6,7 kg for DA, 4,9 kg for DL, 5,8 kg for FL). Piglets from DA and FA treatments showed a higher ADG (P<0,05) between 7 to 28 days of age compared to the piglets feeded with milk replacer (DL and FL treatments). At 91 days of age, pigs from the FA treatment had higher weights (P<0,05) than pigs from the other treatments. Whereas the pigs from FL treatment presented a similar weight (p>0,05) as pigs from DA treatment but higher (P<0,05) than pigs from DL treatment. Pigs from DA and DL treatments didn’t present differences in weight (P>0,05). The second study assessed the effect of milk replacer offered to suckling piglets until 25 days of age on their performances.150 piglets were distributed 24h after birth between two treatments, “supplemented” (1,6 kg; n=75) and “not supplemented” (1,5 kg; n=75), whereas they were feeded milk replacer between 4 days after birth until weaning. The pigs “supplemented” presented a similar weight as the pigs “not supplemented” at 21 days of age (5,8 vs. 5,7 kg; P>0,05). “Supplemented” piglets ADG from 14 to 21 days of age had tendency (P=0,10) to be higher than “not supplemented” piglets (0,234 vs. 0,205 kg). These experiments showed that milk replacer and fostering are two viable strategies against large litter sizes. Milk replacer seemed to be more effective when used on larger piglets whereas fostering appeared a better choice for smaller piglets. The use of milk replacer as a supplement for suckling pigs can enhance piglet’s growth from 14 days of age.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Zootécnica
Palavras-chave
Leitão , Amamentação , Leite , Alimento artificial , Leite de substituição