Impacto de dois programas de intervenção: psicomotricidade aquática e hidroginástica, na função cognitiva e auto estima em idosos
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2016-07-21
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O elevado aumento da população idosa tem contribuído de forma significativa para um interesse nesta temática. Envelhecimento provoca um declínio físico, psicológico e cognitivo, existindo por isso programas que permitem retardar o processo de envelhecimento. O objectivo geral da investigação é verificar o impacto de dois programas de intervenção (Psicomotricidade Aquática e Hidroginástica), na Função Cognitiva e Auto Estima em Idosos, praticantes e não praticantes de actividade física.
O primeiro estudo teve como objetivo verificar o efeito e interação entre idade género, nível de escolaridade e actividade física na função cognitiva e auto estima em idosos. O estudo foi constituído por uma amostra de 42 idosos (29 mulheres e 13 homens), com idades compreendidas entre os 54-80 anos de idade (66,17±5,75). Foi utilizado o Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) e o Teste do Desenho do Relógio (TDR) para avaliação da Função Cognitiva, e a Escala de Auto Estima de Rosenberg (EAE) e o Perfil de Auto Percepção Física para avaliação da Auto Estima Global e Física. Os resultados do efeito e interação das variáveis independentes demostram que existe um efeito da Escolaridade (p=0,040) na Função Cognitiva e da Atividade Física (p=0,010) no domínio da Competência Desportiva. A interação entre a Escolaridade e o Género apenas foi significativo no MEEM (p=0,012). Concluindo, verificou-se um efeito da Escolaridade na Função Cognitiva e da Atividade Física na Competência Desportiva. As mulheres com nível de Escolaridade superior ao 3ºciclo apresentam valores superiores a nível cognitivo, comparativamente aos homens, que apresentam um desempenho cognitivo menor.
No segundo estudo, o objectivo foi verificar o impacto de um Programa de Psicomotricidade Aquática e um Programa de Hidroginástica na Função Cognitiva e Auto Estima em idosos. A amostra, foi dividida em dois grupos, o de Psicomotricidade Aquática (PA), composto por 21 idosos (16 mulheres e 5 homens), com uma média de idades de 65,62 (±6,38) anos e, o grupo de Hidroginástica (HG), constituído por 19 idosos (13 mulheres e 6 homens), com uma média de idades de 66,21 (±4,13) anos. Foi utilizado o Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) e o Teste do Desenho do Relógio (TDR) para avaliação da Função Cognitiva, e a Escala de Auto Estima de Rosenberg (EAE) e o Perfil de Auto Percepção Física para avaliação da Auto Estima Global e Física. No grupo de Psicomotricidade Aquática, obteve-se melhorias estatisticamente significativos na Função Cognitiva, nos testes do MEEM (p=0,000) e TDR (p=0,003), na Auto Estima Global (p=0,001) e na Auto Estima Física, nos domínios da Funcionalidade (p=0,021), Saúde Física (p=0,001), Competência Desportiva (p=0,002), Força Física (p=0,000) e Autovalorização Física (p=0,035). Em relação ao grupo de Hidroginástica apenas se verifica melhorias na Auto estima Global (p=0,037), e na Saúde Física (p=0,007) e Força Física (p=0,008) da Auto Estima Física. Concluiu-se, com este estudo, que ambos os Programas de Intervenção de forma geral têm efeito positivo na Função Cognitiva e Auto Estima Global e Física dos idosos. No entanto, é de referir que a Psicomotricidade Aquática comparativamente à Hidroginástica provocou efeitos maiores na Função Cognitiva, nas variáveis que foram avaliadas, e na auto estima física, verificando-se valores significativos em praticamente todos os domínios avaliados.
Os resultados do estudo permitem-nos concluir que a Hidroginástica intervém na melhoria da auto estima dos idosos, enquanto a Psicomotricidade Aquática apresenta benefícios quer na auto estima quer na função cognitiva. Pode-se assim dizer, que a Psicomotricidade Aquática deve ser uma opção a ser considerada, quando se fala em trabalhar aspectos cognitivos e de auto estima na população idosa.
The high increase in the elderly population has contributed significantly to an interest in this subject. Aging causes a physical, psychological and cognitive decline, so there programs that allow delaying the aging process. The general objective of the research is investigate the impact of two intervention programs (Aquatic Psychomotricity and Aquatic aerobics), in the Cognitive Function and Self Esteem in Elderly, practitioners and non-practitioners of physical activity. The first study had the objective to verify the effect of interaction between age, gender, education level and physical activity in the cognitive function and self esteem in elderly. The study was composed a sample by of 42 older adults (29 women and 13 men), aged between 54-80 years of age (66.17 ± 5.75). The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) for assessment of cognitive function, and the Scale of Self Esteem Rosenberg (EAE) and the Physical Self Perception Profile was used to assess Self Esteem global and Physics. The results of the effect and interaction of the independent variables show that there is an effect of education (p = 0.040) in Cognitive Function and Physical Activity (p = 0.010) in the domain of Sports Competence. The interaction between Education and Gender was only significant in the MMSE (p = 0.012). In conclusion, there was an effect of schooling in the Cognitive Function and Physical Activity in the Sports Competence. Women with higher levels of schooling to 3ºciclo have higher values the cognitive level, compared to men, who have low cognitive performance. In the second study, the objective was to investigate the impact of a program Aquatic Psychomotricity and an aquatic aerobics program in the Cognitive Function and Self Esteem in elderly. The sample was divided in two groups, the Aquatic Psychomotricity (AP), composed of 21 older adults (16 women and 5 men) with a mean age of 65.62 (± 6.38) years, and the group aerobics (HG) consisted of 19 older adults (13 women and 6 men) with a mean age of 66.21 (± 4.13) years. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) for assessment of cognitive function, and the Scale of Self Esteem Rosenberg (EAE) and the Physical Self Perception Profile was used to assess Self Esteem global and Physics. In the group of Aquatic Psychomotricity, there was a statistically significant improvement in cognitive function, the MMSE test (p = 0.000) and TDR (p = 0.003), the Global Self-Esteem (p = 0.001) and Physical Self-Esteem in the fields of Functioning (p = 0.021), physical health (p = 0.001), Sports Competence (p = 0.002), Physical Strength (p = 0.000) and physical self-esteem (p = 0.035). In relation to the group of aquatic aerobics only occurs improvements in Global Self-Esteem (p = 0.037), and Physical Health (p = 0.007) and Physical Strength (p = 0.008) of Physics of Self Esteem. It was concluded from this study that both intervention programs generally have a positive effect in the Global Cognitive Function and Self Esteem and Physics of the elderly. However, it is noted that the Aquatic Psychomotricity compared to aquatic aerobics caused greater effects in the cognitive function, in the variables that were assessed, and physical self-esteem, verifying significant values in virtually all areas evaluated. The results of the study allow us to conclude that the aquatic aerobics intervenes in improving the self esteem of the elderly, while aquatic Psychomotricity has benefits in the self esteem and cognitive function. One can thus say that the Aquatic Psychomotricity should be an option to consider when it comes to work cognitive aspects and of self-esteem in the elderly population.
The high increase in the elderly population has contributed significantly to an interest in this subject. Aging causes a physical, psychological and cognitive decline, so there programs that allow delaying the aging process. The general objective of the research is investigate the impact of two intervention programs (Aquatic Psychomotricity and Aquatic aerobics), in the Cognitive Function and Self Esteem in Elderly, practitioners and non-practitioners of physical activity. The first study had the objective to verify the effect of interaction between age, gender, education level and physical activity in the cognitive function and self esteem in elderly. The study was composed a sample by of 42 older adults (29 women and 13 men), aged between 54-80 years of age (66.17 ± 5.75). The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) for assessment of cognitive function, and the Scale of Self Esteem Rosenberg (EAE) and the Physical Self Perception Profile was used to assess Self Esteem global and Physics. The results of the effect and interaction of the independent variables show that there is an effect of education (p = 0.040) in Cognitive Function and Physical Activity (p = 0.010) in the domain of Sports Competence. The interaction between Education and Gender was only significant in the MMSE (p = 0.012). In conclusion, there was an effect of schooling in the Cognitive Function and Physical Activity in the Sports Competence. Women with higher levels of schooling to 3ºciclo have higher values the cognitive level, compared to men, who have low cognitive performance. In the second study, the objective was to investigate the impact of a program Aquatic Psychomotricity and an aquatic aerobics program in the Cognitive Function and Self Esteem in elderly. The sample was divided in two groups, the Aquatic Psychomotricity (AP), composed of 21 older adults (16 women and 5 men) with a mean age of 65.62 (± 6.38) years, and the group aerobics (HG) consisted of 19 older adults (13 women and 6 men) with a mean age of 66.21 (± 4.13) years. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) for assessment of cognitive function, and the Scale of Self Esteem Rosenberg (EAE) and the Physical Self Perception Profile was used to assess Self Esteem global and Physics. In the group of Aquatic Psychomotricity, there was a statistically significant improvement in cognitive function, the MMSE test (p = 0.000) and TDR (p = 0.003), the Global Self-Esteem (p = 0.001) and Physical Self-Esteem in the fields of Functioning (p = 0.021), physical health (p = 0.001), Sports Competence (p = 0.002), Physical Strength (p = 0.000) and physical self-esteem (p = 0.035). In relation to the group of aquatic aerobics only occurs improvements in Global Self-Esteem (p = 0.037), and Physical Health (p = 0.007) and Physical Strength (p = 0.008) of Physics of Self Esteem. It was concluded from this study that both intervention programs generally have a positive effect in the Global Cognitive Function and Self Esteem and Physics of the elderly. However, it is noted that the Aquatic Psychomotricity compared to aquatic aerobics caused greater effects in the cognitive function, in the variables that were assessed, and physical self-esteem, verifying significant values in virtually all areas evaluated. The results of the study allow us to conclude that the aquatic aerobics intervenes in improving the self esteem of the elderly, while aquatic Psychomotricity has benefits in the self esteem and cognitive function. One can thus say that the Aquatic Psychomotricity should be an option to consider when it comes to work cognitive aspects and of self-esteem in the elderly population.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado em Gerontologia, Atividade Física e Saúde no Idoso
Palavras-chave
Idosos , Autoestima , Escolaridade , Hidroginástica , Psicomotricidade , Função cognitiva