As Novas Políticas Municipais: o caso da prevenção e combate aos incêndios florestais no Douro Sul
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Data
2007
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Ao longo das três últimas décadas, os municípios portugueses têm vindo a assumir um conjunto cada vez mais extenso e complexo de atribuições e de competências, fruto não só das renovadas exigências e solicitações de uma sociedade e de uma economia em profunda e contínua transformação mas também das políticas de descentralização levadas a cabo pelos sucessivos Governos. Progressivamente, a sua esfera de intervenção alarga-se e diversifica-se, incorporando novas preocupações e responsabilidades em domínios tão diversos como, por exemplo, a solidariedade social, a educação, a saúde e a protecção civil. O que implica e determina a concepção e a implementação de novas políticas municipais, marcadas por novas problemáticas, novas agendas políticas, novos actores, novos sistemas de acção pública e novas pressões sobre os já escassos recursos municipais.
Do ponto de vista científico, a emergência destas novas políticas municipais conduz-nos à formulação de algumas questões que merecem reflexão e análise mais aprofundada. De que modo encaram e com que intensidade assumem os municípios as novas responsabilidades e tarefas que lhes foram confiadas? Os domínios de intervenção e as tipologias dos programas são similares ou muito diversos e quais são os factores que explicam as diferenças registadas ao nível da acção municipal?
Reproduzem os municípios os modelos tradicionais de organização e gestão ou, ao contrário, existem sinais evidentes da emergência de novas atitudes e práticas?
Para tentar responder a estas questões, centramos a nossa investigação na análise das políticas de prevenção e combate aos incêndios florestais no Douro Sul.
Um domínio relativamente recente da intervenção municipal, marcado pela actualidade e pertinência do problema que lhe dá origem, pelo enquadramento nacional dos meios e instrumentos da política e pela novidade dos desafios e das tarefas que os municípios são chamados a desempenhar. E que procuramos estudar a partir de uma perspectiva teórica e de uma abordagem metodológica da análise das políticas públicas, preconizadas por autores como Pierre Muller e Yvés Mény, e complementada por um enquadramento nacional e territorial da problemática dos incêndios florestais. Os resultados obtidos permitem-nos demonstrar não só as dificuldades de consolidação das novas políticas municipais, por falta de meios e de competências técnicas específicas, mas também que existe uma grande diversidade de modelos e de práticas na implementação destas novas políticas, fruto de uma maior sensibilidade dos autarcas para o problema, das características específicas do concelho e da maior gravidade dos incêndios florestais nos seus territórios.
For the last three decades, the Portuguese city councils have been assuming a vast and complex variety of attributions and competences, not only because of the renewing demanding and appeals from a society and economy in transformation, but also because of the decentralization policies taken by the successive governments. Progressively, their intervention has enlarged and diversified itself, taking charge of new preoccupations and responsibilities in several domains like the social solidarity, education, health and citizen protection. This implies and determines the conception and implementation of new local policies concerning new issues, new politic agendas, new actors, new systems of public action and new pressures on the few remaining local resources. From the scientific view, the appearance of these new local policies induces us to do some questions which deserve reflection and a deeper analysis. How do the city councils see and assume the new responsibilities and tasks that have been giventhem? The intervention domains and the programmes typologies are very similar or very different and which are the factors that explain the differences among the local action? Do the city councils reproduce the traditional models of organization and management or are there any signs of the emergency of new attitudes and practices? To try to answer to these questions, we will centre our investigation in the analysis of policies concerning the prevention and fight against the fires on the forests in the region of South Douro. This is a recent domain on the local intervention that is marked by the actuality and the importance of the original problem, by the national framing of the means and tools of the policies and by the new challenges and tasks that the city councils have to take. We have studied this domain from a theoretical view and a methodological approach of the analysis of public policies approached by Pierre Muller and Yvés Mény and accomplished by a national and territorial framing of the forest fires. The results allow us to show not only the difficulties in the consolidation of the new local policies, due to the lack of means and technical and specific abilities, but also the existence of a great variety of models and practices in the implementation of these new policies, due to a higher preoccupation of the autarchists about the problem,the specific characteristics of the municipality and the higher danger of the fires in its territory.
For the last three decades, the Portuguese city councils have been assuming a vast and complex variety of attributions and competences, not only because of the renewing demanding and appeals from a society and economy in transformation, but also because of the decentralization policies taken by the successive governments. Progressively, their intervention has enlarged and diversified itself, taking charge of new preoccupations and responsibilities in several domains like the social solidarity, education, health and citizen protection. This implies and determines the conception and implementation of new local policies concerning new issues, new politic agendas, new actors, new systems of public action and new pressures on the few remaining local resources. From the scientific view, the appearance of these new local policies induces us to do some questions which deserve reflection and a deeper analysis. How do the city councils see and assume the new responsibilities and tasks that have been giventhem? The intervention domains and the programmes typologies are very similar or very different and which are the factors that explain the differences among the local action? Do the city councils reproduce the traditional models of organization and management or are there any signs of the emergency of new attitudes and practices? To try to answer to these questions, we will centre our investigation in the analysis of policies concerning the prevention and fight against the fires on the forests in the region of South Douro. This is a recent domain on the local intervention that is marked by the actuality and the importance of the original problem, by the national framing of the means and tools of the policies and by the new challenges and tasks that the city councils have to take. We have studied this domain from a theoretical view and a methodological approach of the analysis of public policies approached by Pierre Muller and Yvés Mény and accomplished by a national and territorial framing of the forest fires. The results allow us to show not only the difficulties in the consolidation of the new local policies, due to the lack of means and technical and specific abilities, but also the existence of a great variety of models and practices in the implementation of these new policies, due to a higher preoccupation of the autarchists about the problem,the specific characteristics of the municipality and the higher danger of the fires in its territory.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia e Planeamento Municipal, apresentada à Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
Palavras-chave
Florestas , Prevenção de incêndios , Politica regional , Portugal-Douro Sul