Riscos ambientais associados ao setor das pedreiras no território "o cerne de do Entre-Norte- e-Centro"
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2017-09-04
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A análise do risco ambiental deve ser encarada como um indicador dinâmico das relações entre os sistemas naturais (riscos naturais) e a estrutura produtiva (riscos tecnológicos). A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal desenvolver uma estratégia metodológica de análise do risco nas pedreiras em exploração no território charneira entre o Norte e o Centro de Portugal Continental. Por forma a atingir esse objetivo, efetuou-se uma caraterização ambiental, social e económica do território em análise – o cerne do Entre-Norte-e-Centro – com especial enfoque nas pedreiras licenciadas e em exploração e na sua área envolvente. Concomitantemente, realizou-se uma análise do processo produtivo das pedreiras cujo licenciamento integrou o processo de Avaliação de Impacte Ambiental. Os trabalhos de caraterização do território foram executados mediante a utilização de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica. A construção da estratégia metodológica baseou-se nos estudos efetuados sobre o território e as pedreiras sob apreço, na legislação nacional em vigor, em diversas normas (portuguesa, espanhola, europeia e australiana/neozelandesa), nos Estudos de Impacte Ambiental (EIA) disponíveis, bem como em visitas de campo ao território e às pedreiras em análise. O cerne do Entre-Norte-e-Centro possui uma área de 151 195 ha e é formado por sete concelhos: Aguiar da Beira, Castro Daire, Moimenta da Beira, Sátão, Sernancelhe, Tarouca e Vila Nova de Paiva. Carateriza-se por ser um território com forte aposta na extração mineira, onde existem 55 explorações licenciadas de massas minerais (pedreiras). O maior número de pedreiras regista-se nos concelhos de Castro Daire (22 pedreiras), Moimenta da Beira (12 pedreiras) e Sernancelhe (11 pedreiras). Os subsetores produtivos são: subsetor das rochas ornamentais (76%) e subsetor das rochas industriais (24%). Identificaram-se como principais perigos associados ao setor das pedreiras (fase de construção, de exploração e de desativação): alteração da morfologia do terreno; deposição de terras nas linhas de água; presença de contaminantes (exemplo: partículas sólidas em suspensão ou hidrocarbonetos); compactação dos solos; projeção de blocos; presença de contaminantes nos anexos de pedreiras (parque de blocos e instalações de apoio) e falta de manutenção das pedreiras. Convém contudo salientar que as maiores vulnerabilidades do território em análise prendem-se ao elevado risco de incêndio, à presença de falhas geológicas e à extensa rede hidrográfica, sendo vantajosa, pode reproduzir a célere difusão de poluentes em caso de acidente. No entanto, os riscos de incêndio e a extensa rede hidrográfica não coincidem com a localização das pedreiras e sua envolvente imediata. Verifica-se que os riscos tecnológicos associados aos dois subsetores, são na sua grande maioria os mesmos. Como principais riscos ambientais, verificam-se os riscos de contaminação, de erosão, geomorfológicos e de acidente. Com vista à prevenção e minimização destes riscos apresentam-se algumas medidas consideradas relevantes e necessárias concretizar no curto e médio prazo.
The environmental risk analysis should be faced as a dynamic indicator of the relations between natural systems (natural risks) and the productive structure (technological risks). This dissertation has as main objective to develop a methodological strategy of risk analysis in quarries under exploration in the hinge territory between the Central and Northern regions of mainland Portugal. To achieve this objective, it was performed an environmental, social and economic characterization of that territory – o cerne do EntreNorte-e-Centro. Therefore, it was performed a productive process analysis of the quarries whose licensing integrated the Environmental Impact Assessment. The territory characterization work was completed using Geographic Information Systems. The methodological strategy construction was based on studies performed over the territory and the quarries under the existing national regulation, in many standards (Portuguese, Spanish, European and Australian/New Zealander), in Environmental Impact Studies (EIS) available, as well as in field visits to the territory and the quarries in study. The – o cerne do Entre-Norte-e-Centro – has an area of 151 195 ha and it is represented by seven municipalities: Aguiar da Beira, Castro Daire, Moimenta da Beira, Sátão, Sernancelhe, Tarouca e Vila Nova de Paiva. It is a territory with a strong commitment in mining, where there are 55 mineral masses licensed explorations (quarries). The greater number of quarries is in the municipalities of Castro Daire (22 quarries), Moimenta da Beira (12 quarries) and Sernancelhe (11 quarries). The productive subsectors are: the ornamental rocks sub-sector (76%) and the industrial rocks sub-sector (24%). It was identified as main risks associated with the rock sector (construction, exploration and deactivation stages): change of terrain morphology; deposition of lands in waterlines; presence of contaminants (i.e. solid particulate particles in suspension or hydrocarbons); soil compaction; blocks projection; presence of contaminants in quarries annexes (blocks park and support facilities) and lack of maintenance in the quarries. It is important to point out that the higher vulnerabilities of the territory in question are related to fire hazard, presence of geological faults and the wide hydrographic network, although advantageous, may lead to a fast spread of pollutant in case of accident. However, fire hazard and the wide hydrographic network do not match with the quarries, location and their immediate surroundings. It can be observed that the technological risks associated with the two sub-sectors are mostly the same. As main environmental risks, it is confirmed: contamination, erosion, geomorphological and accidental risks. With the purpose of preventing and reducing these risks, there are presented some measures considered relevant and necessary to accomplish in a short and medium-term.
The environmental risk analysis should be faced as a dynamic indicator of the relations between natural systems (natural risks) and the productive structure (technological risks). This dissertation has as main objective to develop a methodological strategy of risk analysis in quarries under exploration in the hinge territory between the Central and Northern regions of mainland Portugal. To achieve this objective, it was performed an environmental, social and economic characterization of that territory – o cerne do EntreNorte-e-Centro. Therefore, it was performed a productive process analysis of the quarries whose licensing integrated the Environmental Impact Assessment. The territory characterization work was completed using Geographic Information Systems. The methodological strategy construction was based on studies performed over the territory and the quarries under the existing national regulation, in many standards (Portuguese, Spanish, European and Australian/New Zealander), in Environmental Impact Studies (EIS) available, as well as in field visits to the territory and the quarries in study. The – o cerne do Entre-Norte-e-Centro – has an area of 151 195 ha and it is represented by seven municipalities: Aguiar da Beira, Castro Daire, Moimenta da Beira, Sátão, Sernancelhe, Tarouca e Vila Nova de Paiva. It is a territory with a strong commitment in mining, where there are 55 mineral masses licensed explorations (quarries). The greater number of quarries is in the municipalities of Castro Daire (22 quarries), Moimenta da Beira (12 quarries) and Sernancelhe (11 quarries). The productive subsectors are: the ornamental rocks sub-sector (76%) and the industrial rocks sub-sector (24%). It was identified as main risks associated with the rock sector (construction, exploration and deactivation stages): change of terrain morphology; deposition of lands in waterlines; presence of contaminants (i.e. solid particulate particles in suspension or hydrocarbons); soil compaction; blocks projection; presence of contaminants in quarries annexes (blocks park and support facilities) and lack of maintenance in the quarries. It is important to point out that the higher vulnerabilities of the territory in question are related to fire hazard, presence of geological faults and the wide hydrographic network, although advantageous, may lead to a fast spread of pollutant in case of accident. However, fire hazard and the wide hydrographic network do not match with the quarries, location and their immediate surroundings. It can be observed that the technological risks associated with the two sub-sectors are mostly the same. As main environmental risks, it is confirmed: contamination, erosion, geomorphological and accidental risks. With the purpose of preventing and reducing these risks, there are presented some measures considered relevant and necessary to accomplish in a short and medium-term.
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Avaliação de impacte ambiental , estudos de impacte ambiental , pedreiras , riscos ambientais , Sistemas de Informação Geográfica , território