Gestão Cinegética de javali em Ecossistemas Mediterrânicos
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2019-02-01
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O javali é considerado atualmente o ungulado silvestre mais comum na península ibérica e está distribuído por praticamente todo o seu território. As densidades que atualmente se verificam aliado ao contacto da espécie com o ser humano e com espécies pecuárias aumentam a necessidade de estudar as diferentes populações de javali, a nível sanitário principalmente. O presente trabalho consiste na avaliação de diversos indicadores e fatores considerados relevantes para a gestão cinegética da espécie tendo sido desenvolvido em 9 zonas de caça com condições sui generis, nomeadamente pela existência de alimentadores e alimentação suplementar durante pelo menos uma estação do ano e pela existência de cercas que impossibilitam a saída ou entrada de exemplares. Estes fatores para além de garantirem que a população na mesma zona de caça é fechada, possibilitam a administração de suplementos junto com a alimentação, tornando este tipo de zonas de caça um modelo biológico de grande utilidade para o estudo destas populações. No decurso deste trabalho, foram realizadas visitas às zonas de caça com o objetivo de recolher informações relativas ao maneio alimentar, densidades, a presença de guardas, entre outros parâmetros. Posteriormente foi realizado o exame inicial dos animais caçados em contexto de montaria com o objetivo de recolher o maior número de informações possível sobre a população de javalis de cada zona de caça, assim como amostras de sangue e/ou fezes para posterior análise laboratorial. A análise dos resultados obtidos permite calcular dados numéricos que traduzem o perfil da população em diferentes aspetos, nomeadamente a nível reprodutivo, a nível da condição corporal e da qualidade dos troféus. Estes indicadores são todos influenciados pela alimentação disponível. Em praticamente todas as zonas de caça os resultados obtidos permitem inferir que a alimentação suplementar oferecida é suficiente mas necessária porque os valores obtidos são melhores que os descritos na bibliografia como normais para zonas de caça com as mesmas condições que as estudadas. A nível sanitário é avaliada a presença de tuberculose, parasitas e resistências a antibióticos, parâmetros de certa forma dependentes das condições e do maneio da população. Relativamente á tuberculose as prevalências calculadas são mais altas que as descritas na bibliografia, contudo, estas não descrevem especificamente os valores obtidos em zonas de caça idênticas às estudadas. Quanto aos parasitas, os resultados obtidos são idênticos aos reportados na bibliografia. As resistências aos antibióticos foram detectadas em 33,4% das zonas de caça analisadas. Aquando do exame inicial são avaliados animais clinicamente sãos, logo foi realizado também um estudo retrospetivo relativo aos casos clínicos de javalis da empresa Ingulados no período de um ano entre 2017/2018. Esta análise permitiu definir como agentes mais relevantes Salmonela Cholerasuis e Pasteurela multocida B, muitas vezes associados a grandes índices de mortalidade e, como tal, devem ser alvo de intervenção médico-veterinária o mais atempadamente possível. A época do ano em que a vigilância da população deve ser mais ativa corresponde aos meses de verão devido ao stresse térmico e/ou nutricional a que os animais estão sujeitos, e a faixa etária mais afetada corresponde aos animais jovens, até aos 6 meses de idade.
The wild boar is currently considered the more common wild ungulate in the Iberian Peninsula and it is distributed throughout all the territory. The current densities allied to the contact of the species with the human being and with livestock species, increase the need to study the several populations of wild boar, especially in sanitary conditions. The present work consists in the evaluation of several indicators and factors considered relevant for the hunting management of the species. This has been developed in 9 hunting zones with sui generis conditions, namely by the existence of feeders and supplementary feeding during at least one season of the year and by the existence of fences that prevent the exit or entry of specimens. In addition to ensuring that the population in the same hunting zone is closed, these factors also enable the administration of supplements with the food, allowing this type of hunting zones to become a very useful biological model for the study of these populations. During this work, visits were made to the hunting areas with the objective of collecting information about food management, densities, presence of guards, and other parameters. Subsequently, the initial examination of the animals hunted in the context of the hunt was carried out with the objective of collecting as much information as possible on the wild boar population of each hunting zone, as well as blood samples and / or faeces for further laboratory analysis. The obtained results allow us to calculate numerical data that reflect the profile of the population in different aspects, mostly in the reproductive level, in the terms of body condition and in the quality of the trophies. These indicators are all influenced by available food. In almost all the hunting areas the obtained results allow to infer that the supplementary feeding offered is enough but necessary since the obtained values are better than those described in the bibliography as normal. In relation to the sanitary level, we evaluated the presence of tuberculosis, parasites and the resistance to antibiotics. All of these parameters are somehow dependent on the conditions and management of the population. Regarding to tuberculosis the calculated prevalence is higher than those described in the literature, however, they do not specifically describe the values obtained in hunting areas identical to the ones that were studied. As for the parasites, the results obtained are like those reported in the literature. Resistance to antibiotics is present in only 33.4% of the analysed hunting areas. At the time of the initial examination only clinically healthy animals were evaluated, therefore it was also performed one retrospective study of the clinical cases of the wild boar in Ingulados company within one year from 2017/2018. This analysis allowed the definition of the more relevant agents Salmonella Cholerasuis and Pasteurela multocida B, often associated with high mortality rates, and because of that, these agents should be targeted for veterinary intervention as soon as possible. The time of year in which population surveillance should be more active will be the summer months, due to the thermal and / or nutritional stress to which the animals are exposed, and the age group most affected corresponds to young animals up to 6 months of age.
The wild boar is currently considered the more common wild ungulate in the Iberian Peninsula and it is distributed throughout all the territory. The current densities allied to the contact of the species with the human being and with livestock species, increase the need to study the several populations of wild boar, especially in sanitary conditions. The present work consists in the evaluation of several indicators and factors considered relevant for the hunting management of the species. This has been developed in 9 hunting zones with sui generis conditions, namely by the existence of feeders and supplementary feeding during at least one season of the year and by the existence of fences that prevent the exit or entry of specimens. In addition to ensuring that the population in the same hunting zone is closed, these factors also enable the administration of supplements with the food, allowing this type of hunting zones to become a very useful biological model for the study of these populations. During this work, visits were made to the hunting areas with the objective of collecting information about food management, densities, presence of guards, and other parameters. Subsequently, the initial examination of the animals hunted in the context of the hunt was carried out with the objective of collecting as much information as possible on the wild boar population of each hunting zone, as well as blood samples and / or faeces for further laboratory analysis. The obtained results allow us to calculate numerical data that reflect the profile of the population in different aspects, mostly in the reproductive level, in the terms of body condition and in the quality of the trophies. These indicators are all influenced by available food. In almost all the hunting areas the obtained results allow to infer that the supplementary feeding offered is enough but necessary since the obtained values are better than those described in the bibliography as normal. In relation to the sanitary level, we evaluated the presence of tuberculosis, parasites and the resistance to antibiotics. All of these parameters are somehow dependent on the conditions and management of the population. Regarding to tuberculosis the calculated prevalence is higher than those described in the literature, however, they do not specifically describe the values obtained in hunting areas identical to the ones that were studied. As for the parasites, the results obtained are like those reported in the literature. Resistance to antibiotics is present in only 33.4% of the analysed hunting areas. At the time of the initial examination only clinically healthy animals were evaluated, therefore it was also performed one retrospective study of the clinical cases of the wild boar in Ingulados company within one year from 2017/2018. This analysis allowed the definition of the more relevant agents Salmonella Cholerasuis and Pasteurela multocida B, often associated with high mortality rates, and because of that, these agents should be targeted for veterinary intervention as soon as possible. The time of year in which population surveillance should be more active will be the summer months, due to the thermal and / or nutritional stress to which the animals are exposed, and the age group most affected corresponds to young animals up to 6 months of age.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Palavras-chave
javali , caça , sanidade , gestão