Consumo de tabaco em adolescentes: prevalência e fatores associados
Data
2020-02-17
Título da revista
ISSN da revista
Título do Volume
Editora
Resumo
Introdução: Este trabalho insere-se no âmbito do mestrado em enfermagem comunitária e foca-se no consumo de tabaco em adolescentes. O consumo de tabaco afeta a saúde dos adolescentes a curto, médio e longo prazo, exigindo diagnóstico preciso para conceber estratégias de prevenção específicas no caso particular dos adolescentes que frequentam o terceiro ciclo e o ensino secundário. A literatura destaca que a iniciação e consumo de tabaco, processo associado a vários fatores, ocorrem cada vez mais cedo, sendo a prevalência deste consumo entre os adolescentes elevada, com tendência para continuar a aumentar em particular nas raparigas.Objetivos: i) Caracterizar a prevalência de consumo de tabaco em alunos do 3º ciclo e ensino secundário de agrupamentos de escolas de uma localidade do norte do país; ii) Relacionar a prevalência de consumo de tabaco e fatores associados, em alunos do 3º ciclo e ensino secundário de agrupamentos de escolas de uma localidade do norte do país. Método:Estudo transversal, quantitativo com recurso à análise descritiva e correlacional. A população alvo foi constituída por alunos do terceiro ciclo e ensino secundário pertencentes a agrupamentos de escolas de uma localidade no norte do país. A amostragem foi do tipo não probabilística, por conveniência. O instrumento de recolha de dados foi um questionário construído para o efeito, com questões de natureza sociodemográfica e escolar e relativas à prevalência do consumo de tabaco e álcool, escala de avaliação da autoestima, questionário de bem-estar psicológico e questionário de avaliação de estilos de vida. Resultados: Amostra constituída por 759 alunos, com uma média de idades de 14.05 anos, sendo 53,6% do sexo feminino e 46,4% do sexo masculino. Verificou-se que 75,1% nunca fumou e 24% já fumou em alguma ocasião. Quanto à experimentação do tabaco, a média de idade dos participantes foi de 12.89 anos (DP=1.93). Constatou-se associação entre o consumo de tabaco e as variáveis: sexo (p=0.002), idade (p<0.001), ano de escolaridade (p<0.001) e reprovação de ano (p<0.001). Os resultados obtidos constatam a existência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os fumadores e os não fumadores, relativamente: i) à autoestima, sendo que os fumadores apresentam melhor autoestima; ii) ao bem-estar psicológico (p=0.001), sendo que os não fumadores evidenciam melhor bem-estar psicológico; iii) ao estilo de vida, sendo que os não fumadores têm melhor estilo de vida. Verificou-se, ainda, uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre o consumo de álcool e o consumo de tabaco, em que os fumadores consomem significativamente mais quantidade de álcool que os não fumadores. Conclusões: A prevalência do consumo de tabaco, em particular nos alunos do 3º ciclo de escolaridade é significativa. Dado que idade de iniciação se verificou antes dos 13 anos, justifica-se a necessidade dos enfermeiros especialistas em enfermagem comunitária, que no âmbito do programa nacional de saúde escolar têm um papel preponderante na promoção da literacia em saúde, desenvolverem estratégias de prevenção no 2º ciclo e particularmente dirigidas ao sexo masculino. Os resultados obtidos com o estudo podem ser integrados no planeamento de intervenções, em particular das unidades de cuidados na comunidade, com o objetivo de sensibilizar e capacitar os adolescentes de modo a promover maior autonomia e capacidade de decisão para a manutenção de um comportamento de não consumo de tabaco.
Introduction: This work is part of the master's degree in community nursing and focuses on tobacco consumption in adolescents. Tobacco use affects the health of adolescents in the short, medium, and long term. Requiring an accurate diagnosis in order to design specific prevention strategies to develop skills and competency or teach students to resist pressure to smoke, particularly in the case when the students were in their seventh-grade to ninth-grade year (3rd cycle) and secondary education. The literature highlights that tobacco initiation and consumption, a process associated with several factors, occurs earlier than ever, with a high prevalence of this consumption among adolescents, with a tendency to continue to increase, particularly among girls. Objective: i) To characterize the prevalence of tobacco use among students in the 3rd cycle and secondary education in school clusters in a location in the north of Portugal; ii) Relate the prevalence of tobacco consumption and associated factors in students of the 3rd cycle and secondary education in school clusters in a location in the north of the Portugal. Method: Cross-sectional, quantitative study using descriptive and correlational analysis. The target population consisted of students from the third cycle and secondary education belonging to school groups in a location in the north of the Portugal. The sampling was non-probabilistic, for convenience. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire built for this purpose, with questions of a sociodemographic and school nature and related to the prevalence of tobacco and alcohol consumption, self-esteem assessment scale, psychological well-being questionnaire, and style assessment questionnaire of life. Results: Sample consisting of 759 students, with an average age of 14.05 years, 53.6% female and 46.4% male. It was found that 75.1% had never smoked and 24% had smoked at on occasion. As for tobacco experimentation, the average age of the participants was 12.89 years (SD = 1.93). An association was found between tobacco consumption and the variables: sex (p=0.002), age (p<0.001), year of schooling (p<0.001) and failure of the year (p<0.001). The results obtained show the existence of statistically significant differences between smokers and non-smokers, regarding: i) self-esteem, with smokers presenting better self-esteem; ii) psychological well-being (p=0.001), with non-smokers showing better psychological well-being; iii) lifestyle, with non-smokers having a better lifestyle. There was also a statistically significant association between alcohol consumption and tobacco consumption, in which smokers consume significantly more alcohol than non-smokers. Conclusions: The prevalence of tobacco use, particularly among students in the 3rd cycle of schooling, is significant. Given that the age of initiation occurred before 13 years of age, the need for specialist nurses in community nursing, whom within the scope of the national school health program have a preponderant role in promoting health literacy, is justified in developing prevention strategies in the 2nd cycle and particularly aimed at males. The results obtained with the study can be integrated in the planning of interventions, particularly in community care units, with the objective of sensitizing and training adolescents in order to promote greater autonomy and decision-making capacity for maintaining a behaviour of no tobacco consumption.
Introduction: This work is part of the master's degree in community nursing and focuses on tobacco consumption in adolescents. Tobacco use affects the health of adolescents in the short, medium, and long term. Requiring an accurate diagnosis in order to design specific prevention strategies to develop skills and competency or teach students to resist pressure to smoke, particularly in the case when the students were in their seventh-grade to ninth-grade year (3rd cycle) and secondary education. The literature highlights that tobacco initiation and consumption, a process associated with several factors, occurs earlier than ever, with a high prevalence of this consumption among adolescents, with a tendency to continue to increase, particularly among girls. Objective: i) To characterize the prevalence of tobacco use among students in the 3rd cycle and secondary education in school clusters in a location in the north of Portugal; ii) Relate the prevalence of tobacco consumption and associated factors in students of the 3rd cycle and secondary education in school clusters in a location in the north of the Portugal. Method: Cross-sectional, quantitative study using descriptive and correlational analysis. The target population consisted of students from the third cycle and secondary education belonging to school groups in a location in the north of the Portugal. The sampling was non-probabilistic, for convenience. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire built for this purpose, with questions of a sociodemographic and school nature and related to the prevalence of tobacco and alcohol consumption, self-esteem assessment scale, psychological well-being questionnaire, and style assessment questionnaire of life. Results: Sample consisting of 759 students, with an average age of 14.05 years, 53.6% female and 46.4% male. It was found that 75.1% had never smoked and 24% had smoked at on occasion. As for tobacco experimentation, the average age of the participants was 12.89 years (SD = 1.93). An association was found between tobacco consumption and the variables: sex (p=0.002), age (p<0.001), year of schooling (p<0.001) and failure of the year (p<0.001). The results obtained show the existence of statistically significant differences between smokers and non-smokers, regarding: i) self-esteem, with smokers presenting better self-esteem; ii) psychological well-being (p=0.001), with non-smokers showing better psychological well-being; iii) lifestyle, with non-smokers having a better lifestyle. There was also a statistically significant association between alcohol consumption and tobacco consumption, in which smokers consume significantly more alcohol than non-smokers. Conclusions: The prevalence of tobacco use, particularly among students in the 3rd cycle of schooling, is significant. Given that the age of initiation occurred before 13 years of age, the need for specialist nurses in community nursing, whom within the scope of the national school health program have a preponderant role in promoting health literacy, is justified in developing prevention strategies in the 2nd cycle and particularly aimed at males. The results obtained with the study can be integrated in the planning of interventions, particularly in community care units, with the objective of sensitizing and training adolescents in order to promote greater autonomy and decision-making capacity for maintaining a behaviour of no tobacco consumption.
Descrição
Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Enfermagem Comunitária, sendo apresentada na Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
Palavras-chave
Consumo de tabaco , fatores associados