Small-sided games in high-level football: integrating physiological, perceptual and tactical performances
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2014-10-16
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Os jogos reduzidos (SSG) ganharam uma grande importância no treino de futebol. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi estudar a influência do número de jogadores na resposta fisiológica, perceção do esforço, perfil de atividade e coordenação interpessoal dos futebolistas. A população do estudo foi constituída por 10 futebolistas de elite do escalão sub 19. Os atletas participaram em quatro formatos de SSG (2x2; 3x3; 4x4 e 5x5), com a duração de 20 minutos (3x6 minutos com 1 minuto de recuperação ativa) e a área relativa por jogador foi sempre de 150m2. Avaliaram-se as respostas fisiológicas e os perfis de atividade nos diferentes formatos de SSG. Os valores mais elevados de frequência cardíaca e deperceção subjetiva do esforço foram encontrados nos formatos 2x2 e 3x3. O formato 2x2 apresentou a menor distância total percorrida e o menor número de sprints, já o 3x3 apresentou o maior número de sprints. Relativamente à carga corporal, foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre os SSG, sendo que, o formato 4x4 apresentou o maior valor e o 5x5 o menor. A carga corporal diminuiu a cada 2 minutos. Este trabalho sugere que os treinadores podem usar formatos mais reduzidos (2x2 e 3x3) para aumentar as exigências cardiovasculares durante o treino. Por outro lado, quando se pretende aumentar a variabilidade e a especificidade de acordo com as exigências da competição, devem ser usados formatos com maior número de atletas (4x4 e 5x5). O comportamento tático dos atletas durante os SSG foi avaliado recorrendo a variáveis posicionais e existiu o reconhecimento de padrões de coordenação interpessoal entre os atletas ao longo dos SSG. Foi identificada uma relação direta entre o número de jogadores e a distância ao centróide da equipa e da equipa adversária, sendo que o oposto aconteceu com os valores de entropia aproximada. Existiu menor aleatoriedade nos SSG com maior número de jogadores sugerindo uma melhor organização posicional. Foi detetada uma relação entre os ângulos realizados pelos pares de jogadores e o centróide da própria equipa, sugerindo a existência de diferentes relações entre os jogadores. Os SSG com maior número de jogadores foram os mais indicados para consolidar os comportamentos de auto-organização. As tendências de coordenação interpessoais intra- e inter-equipa permitiram discriminar a duração das sequências de posse de bola. As sequências mais curtas exibiram maior irregularidade do que as mais longas.
Small sided-games (SSG) have gained a major importance in football training. The main goal of this work was to study the influence of the players’ number in the physiological response, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), activity profile and footballers interpersonal coordination. The population study was composed by 10 elite U19 football players. The players participated in four SSG formats (2x2; 3x3; 4x4; 5x5), with 20 minutes duration (3x6 minutes with 1 minute of active recovery) and the ratio area:player was kept constant at 150m2. The physiologic responses and activity profiles in different SSG formats were assessed. The highest values of heart rate and RPE were found in 2x2 and 3x3 formats. The 2x2 format presented the smallest total distance and sprints number, whereas the 3x3 format showed the highest number of sprints. Regarding to the body load, statistical differences were found among the SSG. The 4x4 format presented the highest value and the 5x5 the smallest. The body load decreased in each 2 minutes. This work suggests that coaches can use more reduced formats (2x2 and 3x3) to increase the cardiovascular demands during conditioning. On the other hand, when it intends to increase variability and specificity in accordance with competition demands, it should be used formats with higher athletes’ number (4x4 and 5x5). The tactical behaviour of athletes during SSG was evaluated through positional variables and there was the recognition of interpersonal coordination patterns among athletes during the SSG. A relationship between the players’ number and the centroid distance of team and the opponent team was established, and the contrary happened with the approximate entropy values. There is a smallest random in SSG with highest players’ number suggesting a better positional organization. A relationship between players positioning angles’ and team centroid, suggested the existence of different communication pathways among players. The SSG with highest number of players are the most advised to consolidate the self-organizing behaviours. The intra- and inter-team interpersonal coordination tendencies allow to discriminate the duration of ball possession sequences. The shortest sequences exhibited a highest irregularity than the longest ones.
Small sided-games (SSG) have gained a major importance in football training. The main goal of this work was to study the influence of the players’ number in the physiological response, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), activity profile and footballers interpersonal coordination. The population study was composed by 10 elite U19 football players. The players participated in four SSG formats (2x2; 3x3; 4x4; 5x5), with 20 minutes duration (3x6 minutes with 1 minute of active recovery) and the ratio area:player was kept constant at 150m2. The physiologic responses and activity profiles in different SSG formats were assessed. The highest values of heart rate and RPE were found in 2x2 and 3x3 formats. The 2x2 format presented the smallest total distance and sprints number, whereas the 3x3 format showed the highest number of sprints. Regarding to the body load, statistical differences were found among the SSG. The 4x4 format presented the highest value and the 5x5 the smallest. The body load decreased in each 2 minutes. This work suggests that coaches can use more reduced formats (2x2 and 3x3) to increase the cardiovascular demands during conditioning. On the other hand, when it intends to increase variability and specificity in accordance with competition demands, it should be used formats with higher athletes’ number (4x4 and 5x5). The tactical behaviour of athletes during SSG was evaluated through positional variables and there was the recognition of interpersonal coordination patterns among athletes during the SSG. A relationship between the players’ number and the centroid distance of team and the opponent team was established, and the contrary happened with the approximate entropy values. There is a smallest random in SSG with highest players’ number suggesting a better positional organization. A relationship between players positioning angles’ and team centroid, suggested the existence of different communication pathways among players. The SSG with highest number of players are the most advised to consolidate the self-organizing behaviours. The intra- and inter-team interpersonal coordination tendencies allow to discriminate the duration of ball possession sequences. The shortest sequences exhibited a highest irregularity than the longest ones.
Descrição
Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências do Desporto
Palavras-chave
Futebol , Treino , Jogos reduzidos , Perfis de atividade , Carga corporal , Sistemas complexos , Sistemas dinâmicos , GPS , Posse de bola