O acolhimento e a inserção de refugiados em Portugal: procedimentos e práticas de intervenção
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2018-01-30
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As políticas de acolhimento de refugiados requerem cada vez mais atenção,
principalmente no que diz respeito ao modo como são estabelecidas e colocadas em
prática, ao tipo de atores que envolvem (tanto os que se encontram diretamente ligados
ao campo do trabalho social, como os agentes institucionais, sem esquecer os próprios
refugiados) e aos seus potenciais efeitos na vida dos imigrantes, sobretudo no que diz
respeito à sua integração. Através da abordagem de vários casos do norte de Portugal, o
presente estudo evidencia um significativo conjunto de especificidades quanto aos
processos de intervenção social no quadro do programa europeu de recolocação de
refugiados. Presta-se atenção ao modo como, localmente, as estruturas institucionais de
acolhimento disponibilizam as suas respostas em articulação com a Plataforma de Apoio
aos Refugiados e com o Conselho Português para os Refugiados, as principais
organizações nacionais de coordenação e encaminhamento. A explicitação e
compreensão dos procedimentos e das práticas de intervenção das organizações que lidam
diariamente, no terreno, com os refugiados desde que chegam a território nacional,
constitui o objetivo central deste estudo. Paralelamente, procura-se identificar percursos
de diáspora, sinalizar as políticas e os itinerários institucionais e mapear a arquitetura
legislativa que regula o processo de acolhimento e integração dos refugiados. Assinalar
as caraterísticas internas do processo de acolhimento em Portugal, ou seja, os
procedimentos e práticas de intervenção dos respetivos dispositivos de apoio social
acompanhados, constitui, também, um dos objetivos do estudo. Procura-se, portanto,
identificar e compreender as condições técnicas e institucionais para o acolhimento; os
procedimentos efetivados aquando da receção, acolhimento e integração; e ainda a
intervenção institucional perante os diferentes perfis de refugiados. São apresentados,
neste seguimento, os papéis dos técnicos institucionais neste processo, em particular, o
papel dos assistentes sociais. Em simultâneo são caraterizados, ainda que sucintamente,
os quotidianos e as rotinas dos refugiados durante o processo de acolhimento e integração.
Remete-se também para algumas limitações, efeitos perversos e/ou constrangimentos no
âmbito dos processos de intervenção. O estudo reflete ainda, criticamente, sobre os
quadros políticos no campo do asilo e das migrações no espaço Schengen e sobre a sua
relação com as estruturas técnicas e institucionais existentes no terreno na União
Europeia. Para a realização da pesquisa empírica foi privilegiado o método de estudo de
caso alargado, realizando-se entrevistas semiestruturadas com técnicos, observação
participante nos diferentes contextos institucionais que assim o permitiram e pesquisa
documental. Na perspetiva dos interlocutores, isto é, dos técnicos, existem determinados
aspetos a necessitarem de alterações, especialmente quando se fala a um nível mais macro
da intervenção. Ainda segundo os mesmos, os aspetos menos positivos da intervenção a
um nível mais micro surgem devido à falta de consolidação da arquitetura legislativa que
regula os processos de acolhimento e integração; a questões mais burocráticas que
atrasam efetivamente o desenvolvimento dos processos; e à ausência de eixos de atuação
institucional que poderiam, claramente, aumentar o sucesso das intervenções, como a
aposta em formações específicas para o acolhimento e para atuação no âmbito da
interculturalidade, ações de sensibilização com a comunidade de acolhimento, troca de
informação entre entidades, desbloqueamento de verbas e a escuta mais ativa dos técnicos
de terreno. A melhoria destes aspetos poderia, efetivamente, levar ao aumento da eficácia
do trabalho e dos benefícios de todos os envolvidos neste processo.
Refugee reception policies require more and more attention, especially regarding the way they are established and put into practice, the type of actors involved (those directly involved in the field of social work and the refugees) and their potential effects on the lives of immigrants, especially concerning their integration. Analysing several cases from the north of Portugal, this study shows a significant set of specificities on social intervention processes within the framework of the European refugee resettlement program. It concerns the way local institutional host structures respond in articulation with the Refugee Support Platform and the Portuguese Refugee Council, the main national coordinating and referral organizations. The central objetive of this study is to explain and understand the procedures and intervention practices of the organizations that deal daily with refugees on the ground since they arrive in the country. At the same time, it seeks to identify diaspora routes, to signal policies and institutional itineraries and to map the legislative architecture that regulates the process of reception and integration of refugees. Indicating the internal characteristics of the reception process in Portugal, i.e., the intervention procedures and practices of the accompanying social support devices, is also one of the objetives of the study. It is therefore sought to identify and understand the technical and institutional conditions for reception; the procedures in place for welcome, reception and integration; as well as institutional intervention regarding different refugee profiles. The roles of institutional technicians in this process, in particular the role of social workers, are presented below. At the same time, everyday life and refugee routines are briefly characterized during the process of reception and integration. It also refers to some limitations, perverse effects and / or constraints within the intervention processes. The study also reflects critically on the political frameworks in the field of asylum and migration in the Schengen area and their relationship with existing technical and institutional structures on the ground in the European Union. The method of extended case study was chosen for the accomplishment of the empirical research. Therefore it was carried out semisstructured interviews with technicians, participative observation in the different institutional contexts which allowed it and documentary research. From the perspetive of the interlocutors, i. e., the technicians, there are certain aspects that need to be changed, especially when speaking at a more macro level of the intervention. Still, according to them, at a more micro level, the less positive aspects of intervention arise due to the lack of consolidation of legislation that regulates the processes of reception and integration; bureaucratic issues that effectively delay the development of processes; and the lack of institutional lines of action that could clearly increase the success of interventions, such as the emphasis on specific training for reception and interculturality, awareness courses with the host community, share of information between entities, unlocking funds and more ative listening from the technicians at work. The improvement of these aspects could effectively lead to the increase of work efficiency and would benefit of all those involved in this process.
Refugee reception policies require more and more attention, especially regarding the way they are established and put into practice, the type of actors involved (those directly involved in the field of social work and the refugees) and their potential effects on the lives of immigrants, especially concerning their integration. Analysing several cases from the north of Portugal, this study shows a significant set of specificities on social intervention processes within the framework of the European refugee resettlement program. It concerns the way local institutional host structures respond in articulation with the Refugee Support Platform and the Portuguese Refugee Council, the main national coordinating and referral organizations. The central objetive of this study is to explain and understand the procedures and intervention practices of the organizations that deal daily with refugees on the ground since they arrive in the country. At the same time, it seeks to identify diaspora routes, to signal policies and institutional itineraries and to map the legislative architecture that regulates the process of reception and integration of refugees. Indicating the internal characteristics of the reception process in Portugal, i.e., the intervention procedures and practices of the accompanying social support devices, is also one of the objetives of the study. It is therefore sought to identify and understand the technical and institutional conditions for reception; the procedures in place for welcome, reception and integration; as well as institutional intervention regarding different refugee profiles. The roles of institutional technicians in this process, in particular the role of social workers, are presented below. At the same time, everyday life and refugee routines are briefly characterized during the process of reception and integration. It also refers to some limitations, perverse effects and / or constraints within the intervention processes. The study also reflects critically on the political frameworks in the field of asylum and migration in the Schengen area and their relationship with existing technical and institutional structures on the ground in the European Union. The method of extended case study was chosen for the accomplishment of the empirical research. Therefore it was carried out semisstructured interviews with technicians, participative observation in the different institutional contexts which allowed it and documentary research. From the perspetive of the interlocutors, i. e., the technicians, there are certain aspects that need to be changed, especially when speaking at a more macro level of the intervention. Still, according to them, at a more micro level, the less positive aspects of intervention arise due to the lack of consolidation of legislation that regulates the processes of reception and integration; bureaucratic issues that effectively delay the development of processes; and the lack of institutional lines of action that could clearly increase the success of interventions, such as the emphasis on specific training for reception and interculturality, awareness courses with the host community, share of information between entities, unlocking funds and more ative listening from the technicians at work. The improvement of these aspects could effectively lead to the increase of work efficiency and would benefit of all those involved in this process.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado em Serviço Social
Palavras-chave
Refugiados , Portugal , Política , Organização , Procedimento , Acolhimento , Intervenção social