Acessibilidade nas aplicações móveis da Administração Pública Portuguesa
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2019-01-07
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Visto o tema igualdade estar bem presente nos dias de hoje, há que ter em consideração que muitas das vezes aqueles que têm necessidades especiais são excluídos da nossa sociedade quando deveriam estar mais incluídos e com uma quota de participação nesta maior. Com o intuito de auxiliar estes mesmos cidadãos, a evolução tecnológica é uma porta de acesso a um conjunto de condições e oportunidades e, de certa forma, uma maneira de aumentar a sua participação na sociedade atual. Assim sendo, a existência de Acessibilidade não só nos conteúdos dos sítios Web, mas também nas aplicações móveis, garante a inclusão de todo e qualquer indivíduo a todo e qualquer tipo de conteúdo. Este trabalho pretende avaliar as condições de Acessibilidade das aplicações móveis da administração pública, tendo em conta as recomendações WCAG da seção móvel, boas práticas da Apple e Google e outros estudos sobre a temática. Para tal, foi realizada uma análise profunda e posterior revisão da literatura existente sobre a Acessibilidade nas tecnologias de informação e comunicação, mais concretamente nas aplicações móveis. Posteriormente, foram procuradas ferramentas que permitissem efetuar uma avaliação automática e completa quanto à Acessibilidade nas aplicações móveis. No entanto, não foram encontradas ferramentas que permitissem efetuar uma avaliação completa destas, sendo que apenas foi encontrada uma ferramenta no sistema Android que efetua um teste a algumas questões de Acessibilidade, o que determinou a necessidade de se efetuar uma avaliação manual. Esta avaliação foi efetuada através de funcionalidades presentes nos respetivos sistemas, “TalkBack” no caso do Android e “VoiceOver” no caso do iOS e auxiliares “Accessibility Checker” no Android e “ColorContrast” no iOS. Como existem diferentes requisitos, houve a necessidade de os analisar de duas formas distintas, dependendo do assunto a que se referem. Estes requisitos subdividiram-se em métodos quantitativos devido à existência de requisitos possíveis de quantificar numa escala e métodos qualitativos pois existem certos requisitos onde não é possível atribuir classificações, apenas observar a resposta a estes. Enquanto que nas questões quantitativas é feita uma análise usando uma escala de Likert de 1 (mínimo) a 7 (máximo), nas questões qualitativas é feita uma análise descritiva quer do comportamento dos requisitos quer das consequências inerentes a este comportamento. Assim sendo, através dos resultados obtidos nas questões quantitativas, foi possível constatar que no sistema iOS apenas uma aplicação obteve uma classificação positiva e no sistema Android apenas duas aplicações. Em relação às qualitativas, nenhuma das aplicações cumpre ou respeita na íntegra estas questões. De um modo geral, estes resultados são bastante insatisfatórios, observando-se um número global de erros e incumprimentos elevados, o que transmite pouco esforço por parte da administração pública portuguesa no que toca à Acessibilidade das suas aplicações móveis.
Since the theme equality is well present nowadays, it must be taken in account that many times those with special needs are excluded from our society when they should be more included and with a higher share of participation in this. To assist these same individuals, the technological evolution would become a gateway to a set of conditions and opportunities and, in a way, a way to increase their participation today. Therefore, the existence of accessibility not only in the websites content but also in the mobile applications would ensure that any individual is included in all types of content. This work verified and evaluated the accessibility conditions of the mobile applications of public administration, considering the recommendations the WCAG of mobile section, good practices of Apple and Google and other studies on the subject. To this end, and in-depth analysis and subsequent review of the existing literature on the TIC accessibility, more specifically in mobile applications, was carried out. Subsequently, tools were searched for an automatic and complete evaluation of accessibility in mobile applications. However, no tools were found that would allow a complete evaluation of these and only one tool was found in Android system that tests some Accessibility issues, which determined the need to carry out a manual evaluation. This evaluation was done through features in their systems, “TalkBack” for Android and “VoiceOver” for iOS, and “Accessibility Checker” on Android and “ColorContrast” on iOS. As there are different requirements, it was necessary to analyze them in two different ways, depending on the subject to which they refer. These requirements have been subdivided into quantitative methods because of the existence of possible quantification requirements on a scale and qualitative methods as there are certain requirements where it is not possible to assign values, only to observe the response to them. While in the quantitative questions an analysis is made using a Likert scale from 1 (minimum) to 7 (maximum), in the qualitative questions a descriptive analysis is made both behavior of the requirements and of the consequences inherent to this behavior. Thus, through the results obtained in the quantitative questions, it was possible to verify that in the iOS system only one application obtained a positive classification and in the Android system only two applications. In relation to qualitative, none of the applications complies or respects in full these questions. In general, these results are very unsatisfactory, with many errors and high defaults, which conveys little effort on the part of the Portuguese public administration with respect to the accessibility of its mobile applications.
Since the theme equality is well present nowadays, it must be taken in account that many times those with special needs are excluded from our society when they should be more included and with a higher share of participation in this. To assist these same individuals, the technological evolution would become a gateway to a set of conditions and opportunities and, in a way, a way to increase their participation today. Therefore, the existence of accessibility not only in the websites content but also in the mobile applications would ensure that any individual is included in all types of content. This work verified and evaluated the accessibility conditions of the mobile applications of public administration, considering the recommendations the WCAG of mobile section, good practices of Apple and Google and other studies on the subject. To this end, and in-depth analysis and subsequent review of the existing literature on the TIC accessibility, more specifically in mobile applications, was carried out. Subsequently, tools were searched for an automatic and complete evaluation of accessibility in mobile applications. However, no tools were found that would allow a complete evaluation of these and only one tool was found in Android system that tests some Accessibility issues, which determined the need to carry out a manual evaluation. This evaluation was done through features in their systems, “TalkBack” for Android and “VoiceOver” for iOS, and “Accessibility Checker” on Android and “ColorContrast” on iOS. As there are different requirements, it was necessary to analyze them in two different ways, depending on the subject to which they refer. These requirements have been subdivided into quantitative methods because of the existence of possible quantification requirements on a scale and qualitative methods as there are certain requirements where it is not possible to assign values, only to observe the response to them. While in the quantitative questions an analysis is made using a Likert scale from 1 (minimum) to 7 (maximum), in the qualitative questions a descriptive analysis is made both behavior of the requirements and of the consequences inherent to this behavior. Thus, through the results obtained in the quantitative questions, it was possible to verify that in the iOS system only one application obtained a positive classification and in the Android system only two applications. In relation to qualitative, none of the applications complies or respects in full these questions. In general, these results are very unsatisfactory, with many errors and high defaults, which conveys little effort on the part of the Portuguese public administration with respect to the accessibility of its mobile applications.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Informática apresentada à Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
Palavras-chave
Acessibilidade , Aplicações Móveis , Acessibilidade nas Aplicações Móveis , WCAG 2.0 , Administração Pública