Qualidade de vida do idoso - um estudo transcultural
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2019-05-02
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O progresso das ciências da saúde e a melhoria das condições socioeconómicas e de nutrição, têm permitido um aumento progressivo da longevidade nas últimas décadas, tornando-se assim pertinente o estudo da perceção da qualidade de vida em populações envelhecidas, independentemente da localização geográfica ou da cultura onde se inserem. São objetivos do estudo: i) caracterizar, em termos sociodemográficos os idosos institucionalizados em Portugal e na Suiça; ii) avaliar a perceção da qualidade de vida dos idosos institucionalizados em Portugal e na Suiça; iii) analisar a relação entre as características sociodemográficas dos idosos e a qualidade de vida; iv) comparar a perceção da qualidade de vida entre idosos institucionalizados em Portugal e na Suíça. A amostra foi constituída por 140 idosos portugueses e 141 idosos suíços. Como instrumento de recolha de dados, foi utilizado um questionário, numa primeira parte com questões sociodemográficas e numa segunda parte com o instrumento WHOQOL-Bref, criado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. A recolha de dados ocorreu em duas instituições do concelho de Vila Real, duas do concelho de Valpaços e três do concelho de Chaves, em Portugal; duas instituições em Lussy-sur-Morges e uma em Lonay, na Suíça. A idade dos inquiridos variou entre os 66 e 101 anos, com uma média de 85,3 anos, sendo 73,7% do sexo feminino e 64,1% viúvos. Relativamente ao recebimento de visitas, 93,2% dos idosos diz recebê-las, predominando a frequência semanal (40,2%). Quanto à avaliação das diferentes relações, 48,9% e 56,3% foram avaliadas de boas no contexto familiar e com outros residentes, respetivamente, e de muito boas em relação aos funcionários (44,1%). Em relação às enfermidades, 62,1% diz possuí-las em média há 11,5 anos, sendo mais frequentes as doenças do sistema osteomuscular e do tecido conjuntivo (43,9%). Em relação ao contexto da institucionalização, os idosos encontram-se institucionalizados, em média, há 4,6 anos, sendo o residente (49,1%) responsável pela tomada da decisão da institucionalização. Como variáveis explicativas da qualidade de vida do idoso, foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas com a idade, habilitações literárias, grupo profissional, relacionamento com a família, com os outros residentes e com os funcionários, existência de doenças, responsável da tomada de decisão da institucionalização e motivos associados à institucionalização. Quando comparadas as dimensões da qualidade de vida do idoso por países, foram encontradas diferenças significativas no domínio geral, físico, psicológico e ambiental, tendo os idosos suíços valores significativamente superiores. Também encontramos diferenças significativas entre as 10 instituições estudadas. Desta forma, demonstrou-se que a perceção da qualidade de vida é um produto das características sociodemográficas dos idosos, do contexto da institucionalização e das especificidades das instituições e países em análise.
The improvement of health sciences, socio-economic and nutrition conditions have allowed a gradual increase in longevity in last decades, making pertinent the perception study of quality of life amongst these aged populations, regardless the geographical location or culture they are in. The objectives of the study are: i) to characterize, in sociodemographic terms, the institutionalized elderly people in Portugal and Switzerland; ii) to evaluate the perception of the quality of life of the institutionalized elderly people in Portugal and Switzerland; iii) to analyze the relationship between the sociodemographic characteristics of the elderly and the quality of life; iv) to compare the perception of the quality of life among institutionalized elderly people in Portugal and Switzerland. The sample consists of 140 Portuguese and 141 Swiss elderly people. In order to collect a solid data base, a questionnaire has been used. The first part was made up of socio-demographic questions. The second part was the WHOQOL-Bref created by the World Health Organisation. The data collection occurred in institutions from the county of Vila Real, two from Valpaços, and other three from Chaves, in Portugal. In Switzerland, we worked with two institutions in Lussy-sur-Morges and another in Lonay. The age of people involved in this study varies between 66 and 101 years old, with an average age of 85.3 years, being 73.7% of the group are female and 64.1% widowed. In their responses, 93.2% of participants said that they receive visits, predominating the frequency weekly visits (40.2%). Secondly, regarding the evaluation of the different types of relationships, 48.9% and 56.3% were assessed as good in a family context and with other residents, respectively, and were considered to have good relationships with employees (44.1%). Furthermore, responses relating to diseases have shown that 62.1% of this population had them on average for 11.5 years, mainly having osteomuscular and connective tissue diseases (43.9%). Finally, the results of this survey show that these elderly people have been institutionalised for an average of 4.6 years, and the resident (49.1%) is responsible for taking the decision to go into a retirement home. Statistically, there were significant differences in age, instruction level, professional group, relationships with family, other residents and employees, existence of diseases, responsible decision-making in favour of institutionalisation and reasons associated with institutionalisation which explain the variation in the quality of life of elderly people. Furthermore, we also found significant differences among the 10 institutions studied when comparing quality of life by country, and more specifically in the physical, psychological and environmental fields, which show that the quality of life in Switzerland is significantly higher. As a conclusion, it has been demonstrated that quality of life is a product of the socio-demographic characteristics of the elderly, the context of institutionalisation and the specificities of the institutions and countries under analysis.
The improvement of health sciences, socio-economic and nutrition conditions have allowed a gradual increase in longevity in last decades, making pertinent the perception study of quality of life amongst these aged populations, regardless the geographical location or culture they are in. The objectives of the study are: i) to characterize, in sociodemographic terms, the institutionalized elderly people in Portugal and Switzerland; ii) to evaluate the perception of the quality of life of the institutionalized elderly people in Portugal and Switzerland; iii) to analyze the relationship between the sociodemographic characteristics of the elderly and the quality of life; iv) to compare the perception of the quality of life among institutionalized elderly people in Portugal and Switzerland. The sample consists of 140 Portuguese and 141 Swiss elderly people. In order to collect a solid data base, a questionnaire has been used. The first part was made up of socio-demographic questions. The second part was the WHOQOL-Bref created by the World Health Organisation. The data collection occurred in institutions from the county of Vila Real, two from Valpaços, and other three from Chaves, in Portugal. In Switzerland, we worked with two institutions in Lussy-sur-Morges and another in Lonay. The age of people involved in this study varies between 66 and 101 years old, with an average age of 85.3 years, being 73.7% of the group are female and 64.1% widowed. In their responses, 93.2% of participants said that they receive visits, predominating the frequency weekly visits (40.2%). Secondly, regarding the evaluation of the different types of relationships, 48.9% and 56.3% were assessed as good in a family context and with other residents, respectively, and were considered to have good relationships with employees (44.1%). Furthermore, responses relating to diseases have shown that 62.1% of this population had them on average for 11.5 years, mainly having osteomuscular and connective tissue diseases (43.9%). Finally, the results of this survey show that these elderly people have been institutionalised for an average of 4.6 years, and the resident (49.1%) is responsible for taking the decision to go into a retirement home. Statistically, there were significant differences in age, instruction level, professional group, relationships with family, other residents and employees, existence of diseases, responsible decision-making in favour of institutionalisation and reasons associated with institutionalisation which explain the variation in the quality of life of elderly people. Furthermore, we also found significant differences among the 10 institutions studied when comparing quality of life by country, and more specifically in the physical, psychological and environmental fields, which show that the quality of life in Switzerland is significantly higher. As a conclusion, it has been demonstrated that quality of life is a product of the socio-demographic characteristics of the elderly, the context of institutionalisation and the specificities of the institutions and countries under analysis.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Enfermagem Comunitária
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Qualidade de vida , Idoso , Institucionalização , Portugal e Suíça