A exposição a ambientes abusivos e de suporte: a relação com a empatia e os traços psicopáticos numa amostra de adolescentes Portugueses
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2020-05-15
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De acordo com a literatura, os individuos na fase da adolescencia vivenciam distintas mudancas, incluindo o desenvolvimento de identidades coerentes, o desenvolvimento da independencia dos pais e o desenvolvimento da funcao empatica. Assim, a presente investigacao tem como principais objetivos analisar a associacao entre a exposicao a ambientes abusivos e de suporte e a empatia; explorar as diferencas entre a exposicao a ambientes abusivos e de suporte e empatia em funcao de variaveis sociodemograficas, tais como o sexo, idade dos adolescentes e se tem ou nao irmaos. A amostra foi constituida por 728 adolescentes portugueses com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 20 anos. No momento de recolha dos dados, procedeu-se a aplicacao do inventario Versão Breve da Escala Básica de Empatia (BESA), da Exposure to Abusive and Supportive Environments Parenting Inventory (EASE-PI) e um questionario sociodemografico. Os resultados sugerem que as dimensoes do inventario da exposicao a ambientes abusivos e de suporte, nomeadamente os fatores de apoio se correlacionam positivamente com a empatia cognitiva, e os fatores de abuso se correlacionam positivamente com a empatia afetiva. Verificou-se ainda que a existencia de comportamentos abusivos fisicos, exercidos pelos pais, estao mais presentes no sexo masculino comparado com o sexo feminino, e o sexo feminino apresenta niveis de empatia (cognitiva e afetiva) mais elevados. Outro resultado obtido, diz respeito a existencia de comportamentos abusivos emocionais e fisicos, exercidos por ambos os pais, ser menor no grupo da faixa etaria entre os 12 e os 15 anos, comparativamente com os jovens com idades compreendidas entre os 16 e os 20 anos. E por ultimo, constatou-se ainda que o comportamento abusivo emocional, exercido pela mae, e maior quando os jovens tem irmaos, e o amor e suporte, exercido pelos pais, parece ser menor quando os jovens tem irmaos. Apesar de a pesquisa nesta area, nas ultimas decadas, se ter vindo a afirmar, ao nivel nacional os estudos sao ainda incipientes, fornecendo uma visão pouco integrada das dinamicas que estes fenomenos acarretam. Assim, seria ideal optar pela realizacao de estudos longitudinais, para se obter novas informacoes e ser possivel uma analise comparativa mais detalhada, no sentido de melhor compreender se a exposicao a ambientes abusivos prediz a empatia.
According to the literature, individuals in adolescence experience distinct changes, including the development of coherent identities, the development of parental independence, and the development of empathic function. Thus, this research aims to analyze the association between exposure to abusive and supportive environments and empathy; explore the diferences between exposure to abusive and supportive environments and empathy due to sociodemographic variables such as gender, age of adolescents and whether or not they have siblings. The sample consisted of 728 Portuguese adolescents aged 12 to 20 years. At the time of data collection, the Brief Basic Empathy Scale (BES-A), Exposure to Abusive and Supportive Environments Parenting Inventory (EASE-PI) inventory and a sociodemographic questionnaire were applied. The results suggest that the dimensions of the inventory of exposure to abusive and supportive environments, namely support factors, correlate positively with cognitive empathy, and factors of abuse positively correlate with affective empathy. It was also found that the existence of abusive physical behaviors, exerted by parents, are more present in males compared to females, and females have higher levels of empathy (cognitive and affective). Another result, related to the existence of emotional and physical abusive behaviors, exerted by both parents, is smaller in the age group between 12 and 15 years old, compared to young people aged between 16 and 20 years old. And finally, it was also found that the abusive emotional behavior, exercised by the mother, is greater when young people have siblings, and the love and support, exercised by parents, seems to be less when young people have siblings. Although research in this area, in recent decades, has been affirmed, at the national level studies are still incipient, providing a poorly integrated view of the Dynamics that these phenomena entail. Thus, it would be ideal to opt for longitudinal studies, to obtain new information and to be possible a more detailed comparative analysis, in order to better understand if exposure to abusive environments predicts empathy.
According to the literature, individuals in adolescence experience distinct changes, including the development of coherent identities, the development of parental independence, and the development of empathic function. Thus, this research aims to analyze the association between exposure to abusive and supportive environments and empathy; explore the diferences between exposure to abusive and supportive environments and empathy due to sociodemographic variables such as gender, age of adolescents and whether or not they have siblings. The sample consisted of 728 Portuguese adolescents aged 12 to 20 years. At the time of data collection, the Brief Basic Empathy Scale (BES-A), Exposure to Abusive and Supportive Environments Parenting Inventory (EASE-PI) inventory and a sociodemographic questionnaire were applied. The results suggest that the dimensions of the inventory of exposure to abusive and supportive environments, namely support factors, correlate positively with cognitive empathy, and factors of abuse positively correlate with affective empathy. It was also found that the existence of abusive physical behaviors, exerted by parents, are more present in males compared to females, and females have higher levels of empathy (cognitive and affective). Another result, related to the existence of emotional and physical abusive behaviors, exerted by both parents, is smaller in the age group between 12 and 15 years old, compared to young people aged between 16 and 20 years old. And finally, it was also found that the abusive emotional behavior, exercised by the mother, is greater when young people have siblings, and the love and support, exercised by parents, seems to be less when young people have siblings. Although research in this area, in recent decades, has been affirmed, at the national level studies are still incipient, providing a poorly integrated view of the Dynamics that these phenomena entail. Thus, it would be ideal to opt for longitudinal studies, to obtain new information and to be possible a more detailed comparative analysis, in order to better understand if exposure to abusive environments predicts empathy.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia Clínica
Palavras-chave
Adolescência , comportamentos abusivos