Modelação de agentes virtuais nos mercados elétricos
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2012
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A liberalização dos mercados elétricos e a elevada penetração de unidades de produção distribuída, assim como outros recursos distribuídos como os programas de demand response, das unidades de armazenamento e dos veículos elétricos, implicam novas metodologias de operação dos sistemas elétricos, mais inteligentes e hierarquizadas.
O principal contributo deste trabalho é a conceção da estrutura de funcionamento de um agente agregador designado por Virtual Power Player. A estrutura proposta está dividida em processos, segundo um modelo de gestão horizontal em que o gestor do processo é responsável pelo seu sucesso. Os processos estão agrupados em seis grandes grupos, nomeadamente a definição estratégica, a coligação de players, a negociação de energia elétrica, a gestão de recursos, a gestão dos processos financeiros e os processos internos.
Para cada processo são descritas as metodologias que podem ser utilizadas, sendo identificados os principais constrangimentos dos referidos processos. Das metodologias propostas para cada um dos processos, são de destacar a metodologia de classificação e agregação das unidades de produção distribuída, a metodologia de escalonamento dos recursos distribuídos, considerando a utilização de veículos elétricos e híbridos plug-in, com capacidade de carga e descarga de energia para a rede elétrica, e a metodologia de negociação bilateral com base na diferença dos custos marginais nodais (LMPs) nos barramentos de interligação entre os VPPs vizinhos.
São apresentados dois casos de estudo. O primeiro ilustra a aplicação das metodologias desenvolvidas para o processo de negociação das coligações entre os VPPs e as unidades de produção. Este caso de estudo foi efetuado considerando 150 unidades de produção reais, instaladas em Espanha, e 12 VPPs com características distintas. O segundo caso de estudo permite exemplificar a aplicação de várias metodologias, nomeadamente o escalonamento de recursos distribuídos, a negociação bilateral com base na diferença dos LMPs nos barramentos de interligação entre VPPs vizinhos, a negociação bilateral utilizando a ferramenta de simulação de mercados MASCEM e, por fim, a simulação da negociação em ambiente de mercado. Este caso de estudo foi elaborado considerando uma rede de distribuição real com 937 barramentos, gerida por seis VPPs.
The deregulation of electricity markets and the high penetration of distributed generation units, as well as other distributed energy resources like demand response, storage units and electric vehicles, require more intelligent and hierarchical power systems operation methods. The main contribution of this thesis is the design of the Virtual Power Player (VPP) management structure. The proposed management structure is divided into processes, according to a horizontal management model in which each process manager is responsible for its operation success. The proposed processes structure are grouped into six major groups, including the strategic definition, the players’ coalitions, the energy trading, the energy resources management, the financial management and the internal management processes. The methodologies to be used and the main constraints are described for each process. Considering all the proposed methodologies, the most relevant are the classification and aggregation of distributed generation units methodologies, the distributed energy resources management methodology, considering the distribution network constraints and the use of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Plug-in Hybrids Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), with gridable capability, and the bilateral trading methodology based on the difference of Locational Marginal Prices (LMPs) in interconnection bus between neighbor VPPs. Two different case studies are presented in this thesis. The first one illustrates the use of the developed methodologies for the coalition negotiation between VPPs and distributed generation units. This case study was performed considering 150 real distributed generation units, installed in Spain, and 12 VPPs with different characteristics. The second case study provides an example of the distributed energy resources management methodologies. After this process, the VPPs use two bilateral negotiation techniques. The first one is based on the LMPs difference in VPPs neighbors’ interconnection bus. The second one uses the electricity market simulation tool MASCEM. This case study has been prepared considering a real distribution network with 937 buses, operated by six VPPs.
The deregulation of electricity markets and the high penetration of distributed generation units, as well as other distributed energy resources like demand response, storage units and electric vehicles, require more intelligent and hierarchical power systems operation methods. The main contribution of this thesis is the design of the Virtual Power Player (VPP) management structure. The proposed management structure is divided into processes, according to a horizontal management model in which each process manager is responsible for its operation success. The proposed processes structure are grouped into six major groups, including the strategic definition, the players’ coalitions, the energy trading, the energy resources management, the financial management and the internal management processes. The methodologies to be used and the main constraints are described for each process. Considering all the proposed methodologies, the most relevant are the classification and aggregation of distributed generation units methodologies, the distributed energy resources management methodology, considering the distribution network constraints and the use of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Plug-in Hybrids Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), with gridable capability, and the bilateral trading methodology based on the difference of Locational Marginal Prices (LMPs) in interconnection bus between neighbor VPPs. Two different case studies are presented in this thesis. The first one illustrates the use of the developed methodologies for the coalition negotiation between VPPs and distributed generation units. This case study was performed considering 150 real distributed generation units, installed in Spain, and 12 VPPs with different characteristics. The second case study provides an example of the distributed energy resources management methodologies. After this process, the VPPs use two bilateral negotiation techniques. The first one is based on the LMPs difference in VPPs neighbors’ interconnection bus. The second one uses the electricity market simulation tool MASCEM. This case study has been prepared considering a real distribution network with 937 buses, operated by six VPPs.
Descrição
Tese de Doutoramento em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores
Palavras-chave
Energia elétrica , Veículos elétricos