Perceção do risco e segurança no canyoning, a experiência e confiança necessária para a prática da modalidade
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2016-10-17
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A prevalência de incidentes e acidentes na área do desporto de natureza e aventura (DNA), mais concretamente no canyoning, é um facto inegável, tendo mesmo ocorrido recentemente acidentes mortais no nosso país. Os acidentes emergem dos comportamentos inapropriados de alguns praticantes da modalidade durante a execução das tarefas desportivas. A advertência dos participantes seria primordial para evitar o indesejável neste domínio.
A crescente procura de emoções fortes por parte destes desportistas, com o querer vivenciar novas emoções, fez com que entendêssemos ser importante saber quais os riscos inerentes à prática do canyoning, tal como entender a forma como são vistos e percecionados esses riscos.
Os objetivos do presente trabalho de investigação foi estudar e descrever os fatores de risco na prática do canyoning, identificar os riscos inerentes, desenvolver um Questionário sobre a Perceção do Risco no Canyoning (QPRCanyoning) e validar este instrumento.
Para tal, identificamos os riscos no canyoning perante o estado da arte, completando com a representação mental de praticantes experientes sobre o risco que vivenciam na modalidade. Elaboramos o QPRCanyoning através da metodologia Delphi, com a colaboração de uma equipa de 59 especialistas da área de intervenção. Por fim, esta ferramenta foi validada através da análise da fiabilidade temporal (AFT), análise fatorial exploratória (AFE) e análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC).
Com base na literatura, observamos que os fatores de risco são divididos em fatores ambientais e humanos, tendo sido identificadas 3 dimensões nos fatores ambientais e 4 dimensões nos fatores humanos. A identificação dos riscos pelos praticantes experientes foi levada a cabo, tendo por base a teoria das representações sociais aplicada aos riscos no canyoning, na qual foram identificadas 3 dimensões nos fatores ambientais e 6 dimensões nos fatores humanos.
Após a identificação destes fatores, foram apresentadas 96 proposições iniciais à equipa de especialistas. Na primeira ronda foram excluídas 9 proposições por consenso do painel de especialistas. Apresentaram um total de 318 sugestões de melhoria, finalizando a
terceira ronda com um total de 49 proposições/itens aprovadas por 75% ou mais dos especialistas, o que trouxe mais pertinência ao QPRCanyoning.
Com a AFT, os itens que apresentavam uma ausência de correlação entre os dois momentos da aplicação do questionário, p > .05 foram retirados do questionário, ficando assim 46 itens. Com a AFE, retiramos 20 itens por serem cross-loadings e a diferença entre eles não ser igual ou superior a .15. Também foi retirado 1 item por apresentar uma comunalidade inferior a .40. Com esta mesma análise, selecionando os 25 itens com maior peso fatorial, foram-nos sugeridas 6 dimensões, as quais, com a ajuda da literatura, conseguimos identificar e caracterizar. Com a AFC, e com base na análise dos índices de modificação, foram eliminados 4 itens, pelo facto de apresentarem valores residuais demasiado altos, criando desta forma um desajustamento no modelo. Após este resultado, procedemos ao ajustamento do modelo.
A versão final do QPRCanyoning demonstra valores aceitáveis de fiabilidade e de validação de constructo, permitindo desta forma a sua utilização na perceção do risco no canyoning, apresentando 21 itens, distribuídos por 6 dimensões.
Os dados encontrados e a ferramenta desenvolvida foi enquadrada na população portuguesa e espanhola. Acreditamos que outros resultados poderiam ser encontrados e outras ferramentas desenvolvidas em outros locais do globo, pois os locais de prática são diferentes e o enquadramento social e cultural pode ter influência nos dados obtidos.
A aplicação e análise dos dados referentes ao QPRCanyoning são necessárias para desenvolver outros estudos, trazendo uma nova dinâmica à investigação dentro do domínio do canyoning.
The prevalence of incidents and accidents in Nature and Adventure Sports (NAS) área, specifically in canyoning, it is an undeniable fact, has even recently been fatal accident in our country. Accidents occur by inappropriate practitioners behaviuor during the execution of tasks sports. The participants warning would be crucial to avoid undesirable situations. Growing strong emotions demand of these athletes, to experience new emotions, made us to understand, how important and what risks inherent in canyoning practice, as understand how they are viewed and perceived these risks. The objective of the present research was to study the risk factors in canyoning practice, identify the inherent risks, to develop a questionnaire on the perception of risk in canyoning (QPRCanyoning) and validate this instrument. To this end, we identify risks in canyoning to the state of the art, complete with the mental representation of experienced practitioners about the risk they experience in the sport. We developed a QPRCanyoning by Delphi methodology, with the collaboration of 59 experts team in intervention area. Finally, this tool has been validated through the analysis of temporal reliability (ATR), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Based on the literature , we found that the risk factors are divided into environmental and human factors, have been identified 3 dimensions in environmental factors and 4 dimensions in human factors. The identification of risks by experienced practitioners was carried out, based on the theory of social representations applied to risks in canyoning, which were identified 3 dimensions in environmental factors and 6 dimensions in human factors. After identifying these factors, we were presented 96 initial proposals to the team of experts, consisting of 59 elements. In the first round were excluded 9 propositions by consensus of the expert panel. They had a total of 318 suggestions for improvement, ending the third round with a total of 49 proposals/items approved by 75% or more of the experts, which brought more relevance to the QPRCanyoning. With ATR, items that showed a lack of correlation between the two moments of the interview, p > .05 were removed from the survey, thus being 46 items. With the EFA, we removed 20 items to be cross-loadings and the difference between them not less than .15. It was also removed one item to present a lower communality to .40. Using the same analysis, selecting the items 25 with greater weight factor were suggested in 6 dimensions, which, with the aid of literature, we identify and characterize, with the CFA, and based on the analysis of the modification indices, four items were eliminated, in that they have too high residual amounts, thereby creating a gap in the model. After this result, we made the adjustment of the model. The final version of QPRCanyoning shows acceptable levels of reliability and construct validity, thus allowing use in risk perception in the canyoning, with 21 items, spread over 6 dimensions. The results and the tools developed were framed in the Portuguese and Spanish population. We believe that other results could be found and other tools developed in other parts of the world, as practice sites are different and the social and cultural background may have influence on the data obtained . The application and analysis of data relating to QPRCanyoning are needed to develop other studies, bringing a new dynamic to the investigation into the canyoning domain.
The prevalence of incidents and accidents in Nature and Adventure Sports (NAS) área, specifically in canyoning, it is an undeniable fact, has even recently been fatal accident in our country. Accidents occur by inappropriate practitioners behaviuor during the execution of tasks sports. The participants warning would be crucial to avoid undesirable situations. Growing strong emotions demand of these athletes, to experience new emotions, made us to understand, how important and what risks inherent in canyoning practice, as understand how they are viewed and perceived these risks. The objective of the present research was to study the risk factors in canyoning practice, identify the inherent risks, to develop a questionnaire on the perception of risk in canyoning (QPRCanyoning) and validate this instrument. To this end, we identify risks in canyoning to the state of the art, complete with the mental representation of experienced practitioners about the risk they experience in the sport. We developed a QPRCanyoning by Delphi methodology, with the collaboration of 59 experts team in intervention area. Finally, this tool has been validated through the analysis of temporal reliability (ATR), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Based on the literature , we found that the risk factors are divided into environmental and human factors, have been identified 3 dimensions in environmental factors and 4 dimensions in human factors. The identification of risks by experienced practitioners was carried out, based on the theory of social representations applied to risks in canyoning, which were identified 3 dimensions in environmental factors and 6 dimensions in human factors. After identifying these factors, we were presented 96 initial proposals to the team of experts, consisting of 59 elements. In the first round were excluded 9 propositions by consensus of the expert panel. They had a total of 318 suggestions for improvement, ending the third round with a total of 49 proposals/items approved by 75% or more of the experts, which brought more relevance to the QPRCanyoning. With ATR, items that showed a lack of correlation between the two moments of the interview, p > .05 were removed from the survey, thus being 46 items. With the EFA, we removed 20 items to be cross-loadings and the difference between them not less than .15. It was also removed one item to present a lower communality to .40. Using the same analysis, selecting the items 25 with greater weight factor were suggested in 6 dimensions, which, with the aid of literature, we identify and characterize, with the CFA, and based on the analysis of the modification indices, four items were eliminated, in that they have too high residual amounts, thereby creating a gap in the model. After this result, we made the adjustment of the model. The final version of QPRCanyoning shows acceptable levels of reliability and construct validity, thus allowing use in risk perception in the canyoning, with 21 items, spread over 6 dimensions. The results and the tools developed were framed in the Portuguese and Spanish population. We believe that other results could be found and other tools developed in other parts of the world, as practice sites are different and the social and cultural background may have influence on the data obtained . The application and analysis of data relating to QPRCanyoning are needed to develop other studies, bringing a new dynamic to the investigation into the canyoning domain.
Descrição
Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências do Desporto
Palavras-chave
Desporto de aventura , Canyoning , Perigos de montanha