Modelos eletromecânicos para simulação da função cardíaca
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2021-03-24
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Nos últimos anos têm sido feitos enormes avanços no campo da simulação cardíaca. Foi possível o avanço de sistemas simplificados para representações detalhadas da fisiologia do coração. No entanto, a relação entre uma descrição detalhada da anatomia e fisiologia do coração e o aumento do custo computacional ainda é bastante evidente. Modelos incrivelmente detalhados a nivel geométrico, fisiológico ou matemático requerem muitas vezes o uso de supercomputadores. Modelos simplificados podem constituir um passo essencial na compreensão e posterior implementação de métodos mais complexos. Neste trabalho pretende-se proceder ao estudo e construção de um modelo 3D que inclua a eletrofisiologia do coração e a mecânica do miocárdio a um nível relativamente simples de implementar e leve do ponto do ponto de vista computacional. Ao longo do mesmo foram efetuados estudos com diferentes complexidades ao nível da descrição matemática e geométrica. Os estudos do funcionamento dos sistemas foram efetuados por simulação e modelação numérica através do programa COMSOL Multiphysics. No final, o modelo desenvolvido permitiu a simulação dos potenciais gerados nas diferentes estruturas do sistema de condução cardíaco e correspondentes potenciais à superfície do torso bem como a geração do ECG. A otimização deste tipo de sistema poderá permitir o estudo de diversos fenómenos locais gerados através de alguma alteração anormal da estrutura ou fisiologia do coração. O desenvolvimento de um modelo 3D do coração a partir de imagens médicas em conjunto com um sistema totalmente acoplado (eletrofisiologia, mecânica do miocárdio e dinâmica de fluídos) poderá constituir um posterior programa de investigação no âmbito da Engenharia Biomédica.
In recent years, enormous advances have been made in the field of cardiac simulation. It was possible to advance from simplified systems to more detailed representations of the physiology of the heart. However, the relationship between a detailed description of the anatomy and physiology of the heart and the increased computational cost is still quite evident. Incredibly detailed models at the geometric, physiological or mathematical level often require the use of supercomputers. Simplified models can be an essential step in understanding and subsequently implementing more complex methods. In this work we intend to proceed to the study and construction of a 3D model that includes the electrophysiology of the heart and the mechanics of the myocardium at a relatively simple level to implement and light from the computational point of view. Throughout it, studies were carried out with different complexities in terms of mathematical and geometric description. The studies of the functioning of the systems were carried out by simulation and numerical modeling using the program COMSOL Multiphysics. In the end, the developed model allowed the simulation of the potentials generated in the different structures of the cardiac conduction system and the corresponding potentials on the surface of the torso as well as the generation of the ECG. The optimization of this type of system may allow the study of several local phenomena generated through some abnormal change in the structure or physiology of the heart. The development of a 3D model of the heart from medical images in conjunction with a fully coupled system (electrophysiology, myocardial mechanics and fluid dynamics) may constitute a posterior research program within the scope of Biomedical Engineering.
In recent years, enormous advances have been made in the field of cardiac simulation. It was possible to advance from simplified systems to more detailed representations of the physiology of the heart. However, the relationship between a detailed description of the anatomy and physiology of the heart and the increased computational cost is still quite evident. Incredibly detailed models at the geometric, physiological or mathematical level often require the use of supercomputers. Simplified models can be an essential step in understanding and subsequently implementing more complex methods. In this work we intend to proceed to the study and construction of a 3D model that includes the electrophysiology of the heart and the mechanics of the myocardium at a relatively simple level to implement and light from the computational point of view. Throughout it, studies were carried out with different complexities in terms of mathematical and geometric description. The studies of the functioning of the systems were carried out by simulation and numerical modeling using the program COMSOL Multiphysics. In the end, the developed model allowed the simulation of the potentials generated in the different structures of the cardiac conduction system and the corresponding potentials on the surface of the torso as well as the generation of the ECG. The optimization of this type of system may allow the study of several local phenomena generated through some abnormal change in the structure or physiology of the heart. The development of a 3D model of the heart from medical images in conjunction with a fully coupled system (electrophysiology, myocardial mechanics and fluid dynamics) may constitute a posterior research program within the scope of Biomedical Engineering.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Biomédica