Efeitos Ecotoxicológicos de herbicidas à base de glifosato nos invertebrados do solo – estudos de campo
Data
2020-11-09
Título da revista
ISSN da revista
Título do Volume
Editora
Resumo
O impacto de atividades antropogénicas no ambiente tem-se vindo a intensificar ao longo dos tempos, contribuindo para isso, vários fatores, entre os quais o aumento da população. Desta forma, o aumento da população mundial, teve um grande impacto nos sistemas de produção intensiva para a produção de alimentos vegetais e animais, nomeadamente ao nível de novas metodologias para aumento da eficiência de produção. O aumento na eficiência de produção agrícola, tem passado maioritariamente pelo desenvolvimento, produção e uso crescente (considerável) de pesticidas sintéticos (xenobióticos) e de adubos. Contudo, os pesticidas são normalmente prejudicais para o ambiente, incluindo para o ser humano, podendo também afetar o solo nos seus indicadores qualitativos (taxa de infiltração, textura, pH, etc) e os organismos que nele vivem. Para tal, a realização de testes ecotoxicológicos é extremamente importante, pois com estes, é possível avaliar os efeitos dos pesticidas em questão, nomeadamente os verdadeiros efeitos do glifosato. Através destes testes é também possível o conhecimento da importância dos microrganismos e invertebrados do solo. Tanto os invertebrados como os microrganismos apresentam a capacidade conjunta, de decompor a matéria orgânica presente no solo, beneficiando o desenvolvimento das plantas e seres vivos, beneficiando desta forma os ecossistemas de solo. Com a interpretação e resumo de artigos, referentes a estudos ecotoxicológicos de campo com minhocas, colêmbolos, nematode e ácaros, para a avaliação dos efeitos do glifosato, foi possível conhecer o verdadeiro impacto deste pesticida e suas formulações sobre os mesmos. Todos os organismos não alvo tiveram em comum, a suscetibilidade a certas formulações de glifosato, evidenciando que o problema não se encontra no próprio composto de glifosato, mas sim nos adjuvantes das suas formulações. Para tal, devem ser conduzidos mais testes ecotoxicológicos que visem o conhecimento dos efeitos de certas formulações de glifosato, para que as doses destes possam ser reformuladas, beneficiando tanto as colheitas agrícolas como preservando os invertebrados não alvo do solo.
The environmental impact of anthropogenic activities is intensifying over the time, contributing for that, numerous factors such as the increase of global population. In this way, the increase of global population had great impact on intensive systems of food production to obtain animal and vegetable products, namely at the level of new methodologies for the increase of efficiency production. The increase in the efficiency of agricultural production, has mostly passed through the development, production and growing use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. However, pesticides are usually armful for the environment, even to the human being, and it can also affect the soil in its quality (infiltration rate, texture, pH) and also soil organisms. To this end, conducting ecotoxicological tests is extremely important, because it's possible to evaluate the effects of pesticides, namely the real effects of herbicides based on glyphosate. Through these tests, it's also possible to assess the importance of soil microorganisms and invertebrates, as they present the capacity of decomposing soil organic matter, benefiting the development of plants, other life forms and the soil productivity. The review of papers above ecotoxicological studies with earthworms, collembola, nematodes and mites for the evaluation of the effects glyphosate and adjuvants is vital to understand the real impact of these formulations. All non-target organisms present some degree of susceptibility to some glyphosate formulations, indicating that the problem isn't from the glyphosate itself but from his formulations’ adjuvants. To this end, further ecotoxicological tests should be conducted to learn more about the effects of certain glyphosate formulations, so that their doses can be reformulated, benefiting both agricultural crops and preserving non-target invertebrates. Is also important to reduce as much as possible the use of synthetic herbicides applying different alternative agricultural practices using “clean” agriculture.
The environmental impact of anthropogenic activities is intensifying over the time, contributing for that, numerous factors such as the increase of global population. In this way, the increase of global population had great impact on intensive systems of food production to obtain animal and vegetable products, namely at the level of new methodologies for the increase of efficiency production. The increase in the efficiency of agricultural production, has mostly passed through the development, production and growing use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. However, pesticides are usually armful for the environment, even to the human being, and it can also affect the soil in its quality (infiltration rate, texture, pH) and also soil organisms. To this end, conducting ecotoxicological tests is extremely important, because it's possible to evaluate the effects of pesticides, namely the real effects of herbicides based on glyphosate. Through these tests, it's also possible to assess the importance of soil microorganisms and invertebrates, as they present the capacity of decomposing soil organic matter, benefiting the development of plants, other life forms and the soil productivity. The review of papers above ecotoxicological studies with earthworms, collembola, nematodes and mites for the evaluation of the effects glyphosate and adjuvants is vital to understand the real impact of these formulations. All non-target organisms present some degree of susceptibility to some glyphosate formulations, indicating that the problem isn't from the glyphosate itself but from his formulations’ adjuvants. To this end, further ecotoxicological tests should be conducted to learn more about the effects of certain glyphosate formulations, so that their doses can be reformulated, benefiting both agricultural crops and preserving non-target invertebrates. Is also important to reduce as much as possible the use of synthetic herbicides applying different alternative agricultural practices using “clean” agriculture.
Descrição
Relatório de Estágio em Ciências do Ambiente