A influência dos fatores biológicos e socioculturais no perfil sensorial de bebés entre os quatro e os dezoito meses de idade
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2016-02-25
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A interação entre o indivíduo e o seu ambiente desenrola-se num processo dinâmico, não linear, onde o ambiente desempenha um papel muito importante no desenvolvimento infantil. A avaliação do contexto ambiental, quer ao nível físico do espaço e dos brinquedos disponibilizados, quer ao nível psicossocial, nomeadamente na interação com terceiros e no tipo de atividades desenvolvidas, tanto em bebés típicos como em bebés em risco ou com atrasos de desenvolvimento, é essencial para a promoção do desenvolvimento infantil.
Deste modo, este estudo surgiu para dar resposta ao problema observado, em que bebés sem patologia clinicamente diagnosticada poderiam apresentar défices sensoriais, que não sendo diagnosticados precocemente possivelmente seriam as causas de patologias na idade escolar destes bebés. Também se colocou a hipótese de existirem fatores preditores do perfil sensorial, podendo estes ser de origem biológica ou sociocultural. Assim, com este estudo pretende-se dar um contributo para a caraterização do perfil sensorial de bebés com idades entre os quatro e os dezoito meses, comparar bebés com e sem patologias clinicamente diagnosticadas, e ainda averiguar a influência dos fatores biológicos e socioculturais no desempenho motor destes.
Esta investigação está organizada em três estudos. O estudo-1 contemplou uma amostra de 100 bebés sem patologias diagnosticadas, com o objetivo de caraterizar o perfil sensorial. O estudo-2 com uma amostra constituída por 20 bebés sem patologia e 20 com patologia clinicamente diagnosticada teve como objetivo comparar o perfil sensorial destes dois grupos. O estudo-3 integrou uma amostra de 97 bebés sem patologia, 97 pais (dos respetivos bebés) e 11 educadoras de infância (responsáveis pelas salas das 7 creches onde os bebés se encontram inseridos), com o objetivo de verificar os fatores preditores, em casa e na creche, do desempenho sensoriomotor dos bebés.
Os resultados revelaram que 33% dos bebés sem patologia apresentaram risco ou défices sensoriais no perfil sensorial, não se tendo registado diferenças de género e de idade; relativamente à comparação dos grupos com e sem patologia não se verificaram diferenças significativas, evidenciando que os bebés com patologia ou prematuridade poderão apresentar um perfil sensorial normal e que os bebés sem patologia poderão desenvolver atrasos no desenvolvimento sensoriomotor; a idade e a oferta de brinquedos de motricidade grossa foram os preditores do perfil sensorial dos bebés entre os 4 e os 18 meses de idade, a influência destes fatores foi verificada no desempenho sensoriomotor dos bebés nas funções motoras adaptadas.
Conclui-se que é essencial uma intervenção precoce terapêutica, nesta faixa etária, a bebés com e sem patologia clinicamente diagnosticada. Também as oportunidades de estimulação são de extrema importância, podendo influenciar o desenvolvimento infantil, daí a necessidade de adequar os contextos do bebé de acordo com o seu perfil sensorial.
The interaction between the individual and his environment takes place in a dynamic, non-linear, where the environment plays a very important role in the child’s development. The evaluation of the environmental context, in terms of physical space and toys available, and in the psychosocial level, particularly in interaction with others and the type of activities, it is essential to promote child‘s development. This happens in typical infants and in infants at risk of or with developmental delays of different natures, Thus, this study appeared to give a response to the observed problem, in which infants without clinically diagnosed condition could present sensory deficits, which if not diagnosed early would possibly be the causes of sensory disorders in school-age infants. Also it has been hypothesized that there are predictors of the sensory profile, and they may be of biological or sociocultural origin. So, this study aims to make a contribution to the characterization of the sensory profile of infants aged between four and eighteen months comparing infants with and without clinically diagnosed diseases, and even to determine the influence of biological and sociocultural factors in sensoriomotor functions of this infants. This investigation is organized in three studies. Study 1 with 100 infants without pathology for the characterization of the sensory profile. Study 2 with a sample of 20 infants without pathology in comparison with another 20 infants with pathology, with the aim to compare the sensory profile of these two groups. The study 3, used a sample of 97 infants without pathology, 97 parents (of the respective infants) and 11 kindergarten teachers (responsible for 7 daycare centers where babies are inserted) to verify the biological and sociocultural influences, at home and at daycare, regarding the sensorimotor performance of infants. The results revealed that 33% of infants without pathology showed risk or presence of sensory deficits, with no gender or age differences. Also there were no significant differences between infants with and without pathology. This study revealed that infants with disease or prematurity may present a normal sensory profile and infants without pathology can develop sensorimotor developmental delays. Finally concluded that the age and the provision of gross motor skills toys are predictors of the sensory profile in relation to the performance of infants in adaptive motor functions. It is concluded that early therapeutic intervention in this age group is essential to the infants with and without clinically diagnosed pathology. Also affordances are extremely important and can influence the childhood’s development, hence the need to adapt the infant’s environment according to their sensory profile.
The interaction between the individual and his environment takes place in a dynamic, non-linear, where the environment plays a very important role in the child’s development. The evaluation of the environmental context, in terms of physical space and toys available, and in the psychosocial level, particularly in interaction with others and the type of activities, it is essential to promote child‘s development. This happens in typical infants and in infants at risk of or with developmental delays of different natures, Thus, this study appeared to give a response to the observed problem, in which infants without clinically diagnosed condition could present sensory deficits, which if not diagnosed early would possibly be the causes of sensory disorders in school-age infants. Also it has been hypothesized that there are predictors of the sensory profile, and they may be of biological or sociocultural origin. So, this study aims to make a contribution to the characterization of the sensory profile of infants aged between four and eighteen months comparing infants with and without clinically diagnosed diseases, and even to determine the influence of biological and sociocultural factors in sensoriomotor functions of this infants. This investigation is organized in three studies. Study 1 with 100 infants without pathology for the characterization of the sensory profile. Study 2 with a sample of 20 infants without pathology in comparison with another 20 infants with pathology, with the aim to compare the sensory profile of these two groups. The study 3, used a sample of 97 infants without pathology, 97 parents (of the respective infants) and 11 kindergarten teachers (responsible for 7 daycare centers where babies are inserted) to verify the biological and sociocultural influences, at home and at daycare, regarding the sensorimotor performance of infants. The results revealed that 33% of infants without pathology showed risk or presence of sensory deficits, with no gender or age differences. Also there were no significant differences between infants with and without pathology. This study revealed that infants with disease or prematurity may present a normal sensory profile and infants without pathology can develop sensorimotor developmental delays. Finally concluded that the age and the provision of gross motor skills toys are predictors of the sensory profile in relation to the performance of infants in adaptive motor functions. It is concluded that early therapeutic intervention in this age group is essential to the infants with and without clinically diagnosed pathology. Also affordances are extremely important and can influence the childhood’s development, hence the need to adapt the infant’s environment according to their sensory profile.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Educação Física, Especialização em Desenvolvimento da Criança
Palavras-chave
Integração sensorial , Bebés , Patologia , Fatores biológicos , Fatores socioculturais