Caracterização do leite de cerva ibérica: (Cervus elaphus hispanicus). Efeito da idade, número de parto e estado da lactação na produção e composição do leite
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2016-04-26
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Este estudo pretende descrever a produção e a composição do leite de veado ibérico (Cervus elaphus hispanicus). Ambiciona descrever a curva de produção e estudar os efeitos da semana de recolha, idade e número de lactação sobre a composição do leite.
Foram controladas 77 fêmeas (entre 2005-2013) criadas em cativeiro e instaladas na exploração de veados da Universidade de Castilha la Mancha. O leite foi recolhido nas semanas 2, 4, 6, 10, 14 e 18, por ordenha mecânica e manual num conjunto de 240 lactações com a duração de 18 semanas. As amostras recolhidas foram analisadas laboratorialmente e assim, determinado o seu teor de proteína, gordura, lactose, extracto seco e células somáticas.
Durante a lactação, as cervas produziram, em média, um total 261,95 L de leite nas 18 semanas e 2,10 L por dia. A composição química média do leite obtida foi de 22,86 % de extracto seco, 9,61 % de gordura, 6,86 % de proteína e 4,47 % de lactose. A produção e composição média do leite evoluíram de forma inversa ao longo das semanas de lactação (P <0,001). Assim, à medida que a lactação se desenvolveu, a produção de leite diminuiu, descrevendo uma curva do tipo II e a concentração dos seus principais componentes aumentou.
O número de células somáticas média do leite foi de 84,79 x 103 cel/mL e verificou-se mais elevada nas primeiras semanas de ordenha. Esta descreveu uma variação decrescente entre a 2ª e 10ª semana e a partir de aí crescente até ao final da lactação (P <0,001).
A idade influenciou significativamente (P <0,05) a produção média de leite, os seus teores em proteína e lactose e o número de células somáticas. As menores produções de leite verificam-se em animais mais precoces e mais velhos e o auge produtivo ocorre por volta dos 5 anos de idade
O número de lactação exerceu uma influência significativa na produção média e total de leite (P <0,01), verificando-se que a produção média de leite foi aumentando ao longo da vida produtiva das cervas até atingir um máximo na 4ª lactação, a partir da qual decresce.
This study aims to describe the production and composition of milk in the red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus). It attempts to describe the milk production curve and to study the effect of the sampling week, age and lactation number on the milk composition. For this, in the years between 2005 and 2013, 77 females were bred in captivity and installed in the deer exploration facilities of the University of Castilla La Mancha in a controlled environment. Milk was sampled in the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 10th, 14th and 18th week of lactation by mechanical and manual milking totaling 240 lactations during 18 weeks. The gathered samples were analyzed in the laboratory were the protein, fat, lactose, dry extract and somatic cells contents were determined. During lactation, females produced, in average, 261.95 liters of milk in the milking’s 18 weeks and 2.10 liters per day. The milk average chemical composition obtained was 22.86% of dry extract, 9.61% of fat, 6.86% of protein and 4.47% of lactose. Milk average production and composition evolved in an inverse manner during the lactation weeks (P <0.001). For instance, during lactation, a decrease in milk production was observed, describing a type II curve while the concentration in the principal milk components increased. The average count of somatic cells in the milk was 84.79 x 103 cel/mL and was higher during the first weeks of milking. The variation of this parameter decreases between the 2nd and 10th week and then increases until the end of lactation (P <0.001). Age significantly influences (P <0.05) milk production, protein and lactose content and number of somatic cells. Furthermore, older and precocious animals showed the smallest milk production and moreover the peak in production is observed when animals are around 5 years of age. Lactation number exerts a significant influence in the average and total milk production (P <0.01), and it is possible to observe that the average milk production increases during the females life time until it reaches a maximum in the 4th lactation, after what it decreases.
This study aims to describe the production and composition of milk in the red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus). It attempts to describe the milk production curve and to study the effect of the sampling week, age and lactation number on the milk composition. For this, in the years between 2005 and 2013, 77 females were bred in captivity and installed in the deer exploration facilities of the University of Castilla La Mancha in a controlled environment. Milk was sampled in the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 10th, 14th and 18th week of lactation by mechanical and manual milking totaling 240 lactations during 18 weeks. The gathered samples were analyzed in the laboratory were the protein, fat, lactose, dry extract and somatic cells contents were determined. During lactation, females produced, in average, 261.95 liters of milk in the milking’s 18 weeks and 2.10 liters per day. The milk average chemical composition obtained was 22.86% of dry extract, 9.61% of fat, 6.86% of protein and 4.47% of lactose. Milk average production and composition evolved in an inverse manner during the lactation weeks (P <0.001). For instance, during lactation, a decrease in milk production was observed, describing a type II curve while the concentration in the principal milk components increased. The average count of somatic cells in the milk was 84.79 x 103 cel/mL and was higher during the first weeks of milking. The variation of this parameter decreases between the 2nd and 10th week and then increases until the end of lactation (P <0.001). Age significantly influences (P <0.05) milk production, protein and lactose content and number of somatic cells. Furthermore, older and precocious animals showed the smallest milk production and moreover the peak in production is observed when animals are around 5 years of age. Lactation number exerts a significant influence in the average and total milk production (P <0.01), and it is possible to observe that the average milk production increases during the females life time until it reaches a maximum in the 4th lactation, after what it decreases.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Zootécnica
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Cervidae elaphus , Leite , Composição aproximada