Efeito do empreendedorismo no desemprego em Portugal
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2016-05-06
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O presente estudo investiga a relação entre o empreendedorismo, medido pelo autoemprego, e a taxa de desemprego. Teoricamente, dois efeitos são identificados na literatura especialidade. Por um lado, taxas elevadas de desemprego podem ser um incentivo para iniciar-se uma atividade independente (o efeito “refúgio”). Outro efeito poderá ser consequência das taxas elevadas de autoemprego que podem indicar um aumento da atividade empreendedora e causar uma redução do desemprego em períodos subsequentes (o efeito “Schumpeter” ou “empreendedor”). Enquanto, a primeira visão sugere uma relação positiva entre empreendedorismo e desemprego, a segunda visão aponta para uma relação negativa entre ambos. Este estudo utiliza um modelo já utilizado por Audretsch et al. (2001), tendo por base os dados anuais em série temporal, para Portugal, no período de 1982 a 2012. Verificou-se que o tecido empresarial português é constituído por muitas pequenas e microempresas e os resultados empíricos confirmam a existência de duas relações distintas entre o empreendedorismo e o desemprego: os efeitos "refúgio" e "Schumpeter". Porém, no presente estudo, o segundo efeito é efetivamente verificado de forma mais significativa para um desfasamento temporal de 4 anos. O empreendedorismo tem um efeito negativo sobre a taxa de desemprego, mas o ambiente socioeconómico e o tipo de empreendedorismo existente são apontados como causas dos valores assimétricos registados pelo modelo. As empresas criadas em Portugal surgem de um empreendedorismo de “subsistência” ou “necessidade” que não visa diretamente o crescimento.
The present study investigates the relationship between the entrepreneurship, gauged by self-employment, and unemployment rate. In theory, it identifies two effects in specialized literature. On the one hand, the high unemployment rates may be a motivation to start up an independent activity (the “shelter” effect). On the other hand, another consequence may be a result of self-employment high rates that can demonstrate increased entrepreneurial activity, and cause an unemployment decrease in the upcoming periods (the “Schumpeter” effect or “entrepreneur”). As the first point-of-view suggests a positive relationship between entrepreneurship and unemployment, the second one points to a negative relationship between them. This study employs a model already used by Audretsch et al. (2001), based on the time series annual data for Portugal, from 1982 to 2012. It was found that the Portuguese business sector is made up of many small and micro-enterprises, and the empyrean outcomes confirm the existence of two diverse relationships in between entrepreneurship and unemployment: the “shelter” effects and the “Schumpeter” effects. However, in this study, the second effect is actually observed more significantly for a 4 years’ time lag. Entrepreneurship has a negative effect on the unemployment rate, but the socio-economic environment and the type of the ongoing entrepreneurship are assumed as the causes of the asymmetric values verified by the model. The companies established in Portugal emerge from entrepreneurship of “survival” or “need” that do not directly aims at growth.
The present study investigates the relationship between the entrepreneurship, gauged by self-employment, and unemployment rate. In theory, it identifies two effects in specialized literature. On the one hand, the high unemployment rates may be a motivation to start up an independent activity (the “shelter” effect). On the other hand, another consequence may be a result of self-employment high rates that can demonstrate increased entrepreneurial activity, and cause an unemployment decrease in the upcoming periods (the “Schumpeter” effect or “entrepreneur”). As the first point-of-view suggests a positive relationship between entrepreneurship and unemployment, the second one points to a negative relationship between them. This study employs a model already used by Audretsch et al. (2001), based on the time series annual data for Portugal, from 1982 to 2012. It was found that the Portuguese business sector is made up of many small and micro-enterprises, and the empyrean outcomes confirm the existence of two diverse relationships in between entrepreneurship and unemployment: the “shelter” effects and the “Schumpeter” effects. However, in this study, the second effect is actually observed more significantly for a 4 years’ time lag. Entrepreneurship has a negative effect on the unemployment rate, but the socio-economic environment and the type of the ongoing entrepreneurship are assumed as the causes of the asymmetric values verified by the model. The companies established in Portugal emerge from entrepreneurship of “survival” or “need” that do not directly aims at growth.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Economia
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Taxa de desemprego , Empreendedorismo , Portugal , Mercado de trabalho , Autoemprego