Análise do jogo de futebol: características do processo de transição defesa-ataque das sequências ofensivas com finalização
Data
2007
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Resumo
O jogo de Futebol tem sido analisado sobre as perspectivas das fases do ataque e da defesa, sendo escassos os estudos que caracterizam a transição entre estas fases, contribuindo assim para um maior esclarecimento acerca deste processo. Neste sentido, o presente estudo teve como objectivos: identificar, em situações de finalização, associações estatisticamente significativas entre as variáveis de transição defesa-ataque e as variáveis relativas à fase final do processo ofensivo, em função do nível de qualidade das equipas (nível superior e nível inferior); identificar relações entre as variáveis da transição defesa-ataque e as variáveis que caracterizam o contexto momentâneo do jogo; identificar, também em situações de finalização, associações estatisticamente significativas entre as variáveis de transição defesa-ataque e as variáveis relativas à fase final do processo ofensivo, em função dos três tipos de confrontos (entre equipas de qualidade superior; entre equipas de qualidade inferior e entre equipas de qualidade superior com inferior).
Foram recolhidas e analisadas 392 sequências ofensivas terminadas em finalização de equipas de nível superior (equipas que superaram os quartos-de-final) e 284 de equipas de nível inferior (equipas que não superaram a fase de grupos), relativas ao Campeonato do Mundo de Futebol de 2006. Foram produzidas tabelas de contingência associadas aos valores do teste quiquadrado, com nível de significância definido mantido em 5%, entre as variáveis zona de recuperação, tipo de recuperação, primeiro passe, tipo de relação numérica ataque-defesa com a forma como termina a acção ofensiva e com a zona de finalização, escalonados por equipas superiores e equipas inferiores. Realizou-se a comparação de resultados, com a Anova simples entre as variáveis número de variações de corredor, número de jogadores, relação numérica ataque-defesa e velocidade de transmissão da bola com a forma como termina a acção ofensiva e com a zona de finalização.
Na análise diferenciada por dois níveis qualitativos de equipas, verificou-se que: (1) no que respeita à recuperação da posse de bola, as ESUP apresentaram maior êxito nas recuperações realizadas em zonas mais ofensivas, em relação às EINF, tendo-se identificando uma relação estatisticamente significativa (P<.05) entre as recuperações na zona ofensiva direita e ofensiva centro com finalizações dentro da grande área e entre recuperações de bola na zona ofensiva esquerda e finalizações fora da grande área. No entanto, a intercepção foi o meio mais utilizado nas sequencias culminadas em golo tanto pelas equipas de nível superior como pelas de nível inferior (38,3% e 38,9% respectivamente). (2) Os passes curtos/médios são os utilizados com maior frequência no início das sequências ofensivas analisadas, identificando-se uma variação significativa entre o tipo de passe utilizado e o decorrer do jogo. (3) Apesar da tendência vincada das sequências ofensivas analisadas culminarem em maior frequência em inferioridade numérica, dos atacantes em relação aos defesas, verificou-se que, com o decorrer do tempo de jogo, as equipas superiores são as que mais atenuam essa tendência. Ainda de realçar a relação estatisticamente significativa (P<.05) entre as categorias IV da relação numérica entre atacantes e defesas e a forma como termina a acção ofensiva, unicamente encontrada, nas equipas de nível superior.
Na análise relativa aos tipos de confrontos, basicamente realçamos a associação significativa identificada (P<.05) entre algumas categorias da relação numérica entre atacantes e defensores e a forma como termina a acção ofensiva, nos confrontos entre equipas inferiores, e com a zona de finalização, em confrontos entre equipas superiores e entre equipas do mesmo nível.
Football matches have been analysed in the perspective of the phases of attack and defence. The studies which characterize the transition between these phases are scarce, therefore demanding a greater explanation regarding this process. In this way, this present study has as its aims: identifying, in finalisation situations, statistically significant associations between defence-attack transition variables and variables relating to the final phase of the offensive process, in function of the level of the quality of the teams (superior and inferior level); identifying the relations between the defence-attack transition variables and the variables which characterize the momentary context of the match; also identifying in finalisation situations, statistically significant associations between defence-attack transition variables and variables relating to the final phase of the offensive process, in function of the level of the three types of confrontations (between teams with a superior quality, between teams with an inferior quality and teams with a superior versus an inferior quality). 392 offensive sequences, which were achieved in the finalisation of teams from a superior level(teams that surpassed the quarter final), were compiled and analysed and 284 teams from an inferior level (teams that didn’t surpass the group phase) were also compiled and analysed, relating to the Football World Cup of 2006. Tables of contingency were produced and were associated to the values of the test qui-quadrado, with a defined level of significance maintained at 5%, between the variables recuperation zone, type of recuperation, first pass, type of numeric relation of attack-defence with the way the offensive action ends and with the finalisation zone, staggered by superior and inferior teams. We carried out a comparison of results, with the simple Anova between the different numbers of variables of corridors, number of players, numeric relation of attack-defence and the velocity of the ball transmission with the way the offensive action ends and with the finalisation area. In the analysis differed by two qualitative team levels, we verified that (1) as far as ball possession, the ESUP presented a bigger success in recuperations carried out in more offensive areas, as far as EINF, having identified a statistically significant relation (P<.05) between the recuperations in the right offensive area and offensive centre with finalisations inside the penalty area and between ball recuperations in the left offensive area and finalisations out of the penalty area. However, the interception was the more utilized means in the culminated sequences in goal in the superior teams as much as in the inferior teams (38,3% and 38,9% respectively). (2) The short/medium passes are utilized with a bigger frequency at the beginning of the analysed offensive sequences, identifying a significant variable between the type of utilized pass and the happening of the match. (3) Although the tendency of the analysed offensive sequences reached in bigger frequency in numeric inferiority, of the attackers in relation to the defenders, we verified the, with the going on of the playtime, the superior teams are those that most attenuate this tendency. We also have to enhance the statistically significant relation (P<.05) between the categories of the numeric relation between attackers and defenders and the way the offensive action ends, uniquely found in the teams from superior level. In the analysis to the types of contests, we basically enhance the identified significant association (P<.05) between some categories from the numeric relation between attackers and defenders and the way the offensive action ends, in the contests between inferior teams and with de finalisation area, in contests between superior teams and between teams of the same level.
Football matches have been analysed in the perspective of the phases of attack and defence. The studies which characterize the transition between these phases are scarce, therefore demanding a greater explanation regarding this process. In this way, this present study has as its aims: identifying, in finalisation situations, statistically significant associations between defence-attack transition variables and variables relating to the final phase of the offensive process, in function of the level of the quality of the teams (superior and inferior level); identifying the relations between the defence-attack transition variables and the variables which characterize the momentary context of the match; also identifying in finalisation situations, statistically significant associations between defence-attack transition variables and variables relating to the final phase of the offensive process, in function of the level of the three types of confrontations (between teams with a superior quality, between teams with an inferior quality and teams with a superior versus an inferior quality). 392 offensive sequences, which were achieved in the finalisation of teams from a superior level(teams that surpassed the quarter final), were compiled and analysed and 284 teams from an inferior level (teams that didn’t surpass the group phase) were also compiled and analysed, relating to the Football World Cup of 2006. Tables of contingency were produced and were associated to the values of the test qui-quadrado, with a defined level of significance maintained at 5%, between the variables recuperation zone, type of recuperation, first pass, type of numeric relation of attack-defence with the way the offensive action ends and with the finalisation zone, staggered by superior and inferior teams. We carried out a comparison of results, with the simple Anova between the different numbers of variables of corridors, number of players, numeric relation of attack-defence and the velocity of the ball transmission with the way the offensive action ends and with the finalisation area. In the analysis differed by two qualitative team levels, we verified that (1) as far as ball possession, the ESUP presented a bigger success in recuperations carried out in more offensive areas, as far as EINF, having identified a statistically significant relation (P<.05) between the recuperations in the right offensive area and offensive centre with finalisations inside the penalty area and between ball recuperations in the left offensive area and finalisations out of the penalty area. However, the interception was the more utilized means in the culminated sequences in goal in the superior teams as much as in the inferior teams (38,3% and 38,9% respectively). (2) The short/medium passes are utilized with a bigger frequency at the beginning of the analysed offensive sequences, identifying a significant variable between the type of utilized pass and the happening of the match. (3) Although the tendency of the analysed offensive sequences reached in bigger frequency in numeric inferiority, of the attackers in relation to the defenders, we verified the, with the going on of the playtime, the superior teams are those that most attenuate this tendency. We also have to enhance the statistically significant relation (P<.05) between the categories of the numeric relation between attackers and defenders and the way the offensive action ends, uniquely found in the teams from superior level. In the analysis to the types of contests, we basically enhance the identified significant association (P<.05) between some categories from the numeric relation between attackers and defenders and the way the offensive action ends, in the contests between inferior teams and with de finalisation area, in contests between superior teams and between teams of the same level.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado em Educação Física e Desporto, apresentada à Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
Palavras-chave
Futebol