Consumo doméstico de biomassa lenhosa no concelho de Boticas: avaliação energética e quantificação das emissões atmosféricas
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2015-04-20
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A combustão de biomassa lenhosa no setor doméstico é uma fonte de energia com uma vasta tradição em várias regiões do mundo sendo utilizada principalmente para cozinhar, aquecer o ar ambiente e para aquecer águas sanitárias. É uma fonte de energia renovável, com grande potencial no futuro, baixo custo, elevada disponibilidade e impulsionada atualmente pelas estratégias de mitigação do aquecimento global. A combustão de biomassa lenhosa no setor doméstico é todavia uma importante fonte de poluentes atmosféricos, perigosos para o ambiente e para a saúde humana.
Com este trabalho pretende-se avaliar a contribuição da biomassa lenhosa em termos de energia no setor doméstico e estimar as emissões de gases de efeito estufa e de poluentes atmosféricos, associadas à queima doméstica de biomassa lenhosa. Outro dos objetivos é avaliar o potencial de redução das emissões de poluentes atmosféricos e de gases de efeito estufa, resultantes desta atividade de combustão doméstica no concelho de Boticas. Para atingir os objetivos propostos realizou-se um inquérito com questões que abrangem o tipo e o número de equipamentos de combustão de biomassa e o tipo e quantidade de combustível utilizado nas habitações, no período compreendido entre setembro de 2011 e agosto de 2012, numa amostra representativa de 330 habitações. O estudo realizado permitiu estimar para o concelho de Boticas um consumo anual de 20597 t de biomassa lenhosa, principalmente de carvalho e pinheiro, o que corresponde a cerca de 9 t/ano por alojamento. A biomassa é utilizada em 93% das habitações do concelho, principalmente em lareiras abertas (34%) e em fogões e estufas (40%). Apesar das incertezas associadas, estimou-se que sejam emitidas no concelho aproximadamente 1748 t de poluentes e 2360 tCO2eq de GEE (excluindo as emissões de CO2) provenientes da combustão doméstica de biomassa lenhosa. Estas emissões são bastante elevadas quando comparadas com as de outras fontes antropogénicas e podem ter um impacto significativo na qualidade do ar local, afetando assim negativamente a saúde humana. Para o concelho de Boticas estimou-se que substituindo todos os equipamentos de combustão ineficientes podemos obter uma redução das emissões de aproximadamente 80%. A realização deste trabalho permitiu a obtenção de dados mais concretos sobre as emissões provenientes da combustão doméstica de biomassa lenhosa, e por conseguinte, uma melhoria dos inventários de emissões, o que irá permitir definir e avaliar medidas e estratégias para a melhoria da qualidade do ar e a mitigação das alterações climáticas.
Residential wood combustion is an energy source with large tradition in various regions of the world, mostly used for cooking, space heating and hot water supply. This renewable energy source has also a great potential for the future, due to its low cost, high availability and also because it has been boosted by current global warming mitigation strategies. Residential wood combustion is, however, an important source of air pollutants, hazardous to the environment and the human health. The present study aims at evaluating the contribution of wood biomass as household energy source in a northern municipality of Portugal, as well as, assessing the residential wood combustion as a source of air pollutants and greenhouse gases. Assessing the potential of emission reduction from this anthropogenic activity was also defined as one specific objective of this study. To achieve these objectives, an interview survey consisting mostly of closed questions concerning types and number of burning appliances per residence and type and quantity of fuel per appliance and residence, among others, was carried out between September 2011 and August 2012, embracing a representative sample composed of 330 households. Wood consumption and emissions data were scaled up to the whole municipality area, based on the proportion of households. Main results show that biomass consumption in the residential sector was approximately 20597 tons per year, mainly from black oak and pine. Biomass is used in 93% of the households of the municipality, mostly in open fireplaces (34%) and stoves and ovens (40%). Annual emissions of air pollutants (1748 t/year), and greenhouse gases (2360 t/CO2eq, excluding CO2 emissions) resulting from the residential wood combustion are were quite high when compared with other anthropogenic sources and can have a significant impact in local air quality, affecting also adversely the human health. Considering a hypothetical scenario of replacing all inefficient combustion systems in the Boticas municipality, emissions from residential wood combustion can decrease up to 80%. This study provided valuable information to fill existent gaps on patterns of wood biomass consumption and energy use in the residential sector for rural regions of Portugal, to improve air pollutants and greenhouse gases emission inventories and to create an useful support basis for the development of energy saving and air quality improvement strategies at local or regional scales.
Residential wood combustion is an energy source with large tradition in various regions of the world, mostly used for cooking, space heating and hot water supply. This renewable energy source has also a great potential for the future, due to its low cost, high availability and also because it has been boosted by current global warming mitigation strategies. Residential wood combustion is, however, an important source of air pollutants, hazardous to the environment and the human health. The present study aims at evaluating the contribution of wood biomass as household energy source in a northern municipality of Portugal, as well as, assessing the residential wood combustion as a source of air pollutants and greenhouse gases. Assessing the potential of emission reduction from this anthropogenic activity was also defined as one specific objective of this study. To achieve these objectives, an interview survey consisting mostly of closed questions concerning types and number of burning appliances per residence and type and quantity of fuel per appliance and residence, among others, was carried out between September 2011 and August 2012, embracing a representative sample composed of 330 households. Wood consumption and emissions data were scaled up to the whole municipality area, based on the proportion of households. Main results show that biomass consumption in the residential sector was approximately 20597 tons per year, mainly from black oak and pine. Biomass is used in 93% of the households of the municipality, mostly in open fireplaces (34%) and stoves and ovens (40%). Annual emissions of air pollutants (1748 t/year), and greenhouse gases (2360 t/CO2eq, excluding CO2 emissions) resulting from the residential wood combustion are were quite high when compared with other anthropogenic sources and can have a significant impact in local air quality, affecting also adversely the human health. Considering a hypothetical scenario of replacing all inefficient combustion systems in the Boticas municipality, emissions from residential wood combustion can decrease up to 80%. This study provided valuable information to fill existent gaps on patterns of wood biomass consumption and energy use in the residential sector for rural regions of Portugal, to improve air pollutants and greenhouse gases emission inventories and to create an useful support basis for the development of energy saving and air quality improvement strategies at local or regional scales.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente
Palavras-chave
Biomassa (Lenhosa) , Combustão (Doméstica) , Energia (Doméstica) , Área rural , Emissões atmosféricas